bio psych depex 2

true

taste buds can be found on the tongue, cheeks, and palate

true

taste is ipsilaterally represented in the brain

false

the piriform cortex follows a coding scheme where the anterior region detects the chemical structures of odorants and the posterior regions detects the qualities of odorants

true

the clasp knife reflex occurs when force is applied to flex or extend the limb of an animal with decerebrate rigidity

true

the parietal lobe plays a role in integrating spatial information for movement planning

false

the mesencephalic locomotor region in the basal ganglia whose stimulation causes alternating movements of the limbs during locomotion

false

the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia has an excitatory effect on movement

true

tardive dyskinesia is a medication induced disorder that causes involuntary movements, often in individuals taking long term anti psychotics

true

apraxia is the inability to imitate movements or to produce them in response to verbal instructions

true

delta waves are dominant in stage 4 sleep, comprising more than 50% of activity

false

Norepinephrine (NE) is at its highest levels during REM sleep

false

central sleep apnea is caused is caused by airway obstruction

true

restless legs syndrome is linked to dopamine dysfunction and iron deficiency

true

alpha waves are typically associated with relaxed but awake state of the brain

true

delta activity becomes more dominant as sleep progresses into deeper stages of slow wave sleep

false

only cold blooded vertebrates show clear REM sleep characterized by rapid eye movements

true

histamine promotes wakefulness by activating the cortex and maintaining alertness

true

narcolepsy often involves sudden muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions known as cataplexy

false

zeitgebers are internal neural signals that originate solely from the hypothalamus

false

delayed sleep phase disorder involves early sleep onset and early awakening

kinesthesia

type of somatosensation that gives us information about the body’s movement through space

Free nerve ending

cutaneous receptor that detects thermal and noxious stimuli and pleasurable touch

Merkel’s disks

Cutaneous sensory receptor that detects static pressure

sourness

which of the following taste quality allows us to detect spoiled food

facial nerve

which cranial nerve transmits gustatory information from the anterior part of the tongue

Vagus nerve

which cranial nerve transmits gustatory information from the palate and epiglottis

one sensory neuron, one motor neuron and one synapse

the monosynaptic stretch reflex involves which of the following components?

controls voluntary movement

what is the function of the corticospinal tract?

Rubrospinal tract

which descending tract controls independent movement of the forearms and hands?

flocculondular lobe

this area in the cerebellum receives input from the vestibular system and is involved in posture reflexes

Vermis

this area in cerebellum has connections with the vestibularspinal and rubrospinal tracts to control movement of the trunks and legs with regards to the maintenance of posture and walking

psychomotor retardation

which psychomotor condition is characterized by slowed movement and speech

constructional Apraxia

what type of apraxia involves difficulty in drawing or making geometrical constructions

tardive dyskinesia

which movement disorder is associated with long term intake of antipsychotics and characterized by involuntary facial movements

somatotopic organization of the motor cortex

a patient with damage to the primary motor cortex on the left hemisphere has difficulty moving their righty arm, this is due to the:

limb apraxia

a patient with frontal lobe damage is asked to wave goodbye but insted moves the wrong part of their limb or performs the movement incorrectly. this condition best described as

impaired voluntary movement of the limbs

a patient suffers a spinal cord injury affecting the lateral corticospinal tract. what kind of movement impairment is expected

mesencephalic locomotor region

a researcher electrically stimulates a specific region in a rats midbrain, causing alternating limb movements similar to walking, which structure is being stimulated?

EGG desynchrony and rapid eye movements

what distinguishes REM sleep from slow wave sleep

control circadian rhythms

what is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN

difficulty falling asleep and waking up late

what is the key feature of delayed sleep phase type disorder?

non 24 hours sleep wake type

which sleep disorder is common in blind individuals and involves a mismatch in their sleep wake cycle?

shift work type cicadian rhythm disorder

a factory worker has been assigned in the night shift for the past six months, he struggles to stay awake at work and finds it difficult to sleep during the day

obstructive sleep apnea

a 40 year old frequently snores load while sleeping, stops breathing for a short period before gasping for air, during the day he feels excessively sleepy and struggles to stay awake

orexin (hypocretin)

suddenly collapses to the ground after hearing a joke, his body goes limp but remains conscious. he also experiences day time sleepiness and has episodes where he falls asleep suddenly , which neurotransmitter is most likely deficient?

sleep terros

waking up screaming in the middle of the night, appears confused and does not recognize, and no memory of the event next morning

stage 1 sleep

theta activity between 3.5-7.5 hz as the sleep begins, technician notes that she experience occasionally brief sensations of falling

circadian rythm sleep wake disorder (shift worker)

night shift worker reports chronic fatigue, difficulty sleeping during the day, decreased alertness during work hours

stage 2 sleep

polysomography test, the clinician observes sleep spindles and k complexes on the egg recordings, these findings indicate that the patient is in which stage of sleep?

stage 4

during deep sleep egg shows high amplitude delta waves occupying more than 50% of the recording

light suppresses pineal glad melatonin release via SCN

observes that melatonin secretion increases at night but decreases when the subject is exposed to bright light

REM sleep

EGG shows rapid, irregular waves, the eyes move quicly and muscle tone is almost absent

suprachiasmatic nucleus

during sleep light entering the eyes travels through retinal ganglion cells containing melanospin and signals the biological clock in the hypothalamus, which structure receives the signal?

rebound sleep

after being deprived from sleep for 2 nights due to exams, carlo experiences longer periods of deep sleep the following nights

REM sleep behavior disorder

frequently acts out vivid dreams during sleep, sometimes kicking or punching objects nearby

narcolepsy

suddenly falls asleep during the day and occasionally experiences sudden muscle weakness triggered by laughter

obstructive sleep apnea

a patient loud snoring, gasping for air during sleep. excessive daytime sleepness

non 24 hour sleep wake disorder

a blind patient with irregular patterns that gradually shift later each day because their biological clock can not see the difference between day and night

illogical and disorganized dream narratives

during rem sleep, the prefrontal cortex shows relatively lower activity, which may explain why dreams often lack logical structure

acetylcholine

a scientist studying neurotransmitters involved in sleep regulation, observes that one neuroranmitter promotes wakefullness and rem sleep and enhances cortical activation and learning

vestibular tract

posture control and balance

reticulospinal tract

automatic and reflective motor control

tectospinal tract

reflective orientation movements