MODERN- Punishment

MODERN- Punishment

what 5 punishments have changed

• changes to prisons

• young offender treatment

• borstals

• approved schools and attendance centres

• youth justice reforms

PRISONS- in 1900s, what was the prison system moving away from

• moving away from the separate system

• moving away from pointless hard work like crank and treadmill

PRISONS- when was crank and treadmill abolished

1902

PRISONS- from what year onwards were the biggest changes

1922

PRISONS- what was abolished after 1922

• solitary confinement ended and prisoners allowed to associate with each other

• broad arrows that marked convict uniforms abolished

• convict crop (hairstyle) that prisoners had worn abolished

PRISONS- what positive changes happened to prisons after 1922

• diet, heating and conditions in cells improved gradually

• more visits allowed

• teachers employed in prisons to help inmates have better chance of finding work when released

PRISONS- what has the focus of prisons as punishment changed to and why

• reform and rehabilitation, to help prisoners live life after prison and better inmates for society

PRISONS- name of new prison system and when the first one opened

• open prison

• 1933

PRISONS- what were the rules and conditions of open prisons like

• rules more relaxed and prisoners allowed to leave the ground to work

• idea to prepare inmates for ordinary life back in community

• use expanded and continued today; very significant as this positive impact has lasted a long time

PRISONS- from what decade did prison population rapidly rise, and what has been the trend from then until today

• 1940s

• from then until today prison population has increased year after year

• number of people in prisons doubling between 1993 and 2015

PRISONS- why is there more crime

• large population always increasing, so unable to handle it, more poverty etc

• number of people awaiting trial in prison increased

• increased chance of prison sentence for certain crimes, particularly sexual, violent or drug related offences

PRISONS- negative changes to prisons in modern day

• overcrowding

• reduced budgets and difficulties in recruiting led to fewer staff looking after more prisoners

• increase in number of serious assaults inside prisons

• ongoing problems with deaths in custody

PRISONS- what year did Ofsted go to prisons and what did they judge them to be

• 2014

• judged over half of prisons as inadequate or requiring improvement for learning and skills

PRISONS- fraction of prisons left school without qualifications and fraction who needs help with literacy and numeracy

• half left school without qualifications

• one in five needs help with literacy and numeracy

PRISONS- current estimated cost of keeping person in prison for a year

£40,000

PRISONS- why are prisons as punishment being questioned now

• reoffending rates high

• very expensive to keep people in prisons

• many feel prisons no longer harsh enough; seen in the media

PRISONS- reasons why it changed

• fear of crime declined from heights of 19th century so gov under less public pressure to make prisons harsh

• belief that the certainty of arrest rather than prison was the real deterrent

• old belief that criminals inherited their criminal habits declining so more focus on reform

• fear of crime increased after mid-20th century and politicians reacted to public concerns that they were soft on crime

PRISONS- how did 20th century politicians react to public concerns that they were soft on crime

• average length of sentence increased

• prisoners being locked away longer as gov seeks to be tough on crime

PRISONS- summary of all changes to prisons in this time

• prison less harsh and treat prisoners more humanely

• more crimes punished by prison

• have teachers in prisons to reform prisoners and help them get job but inadequate with lack of funding

• lots of prisoners and fewer staff

• open prisons

• diet, heating and cell conditions improved

YOUNG OFFENDER TREATMENT- factors for change and why

• changing social attitudes- change about what treatment people think is fair for children

• key individuals

• gov- putting forwards different political ideas

YOUNG OFFENDER TREATMENT- what was the Victorian attitude of young offender treatment

• “juvenile delinquents”

• harsh

• children treated the same as adults

YOUNG OFFENDER TREATMENT- story of a youth from Victorian England and what happened to him- with dates and ages etc

• 1854- after being convicted of a minor crime, Edward Andrews was sent to Birmingham Borough Prison

• placed in solitary confinement

• expected to turn hand crank 10,000 times every 10 hours

• Andrews refused and was soaked in cold water, put in a straight jacket and fed only bread and water

• after two months of this treatment, Andrews hanged himself

• only 15 years old

BORSTALS- when was the first one set up, where and for who

• 1902

• Kent

• for boys

BORSTALS- purpose of them

• ensure that young convicts kept separate from older criminals

• to emphasise education rather than punishment

BORSTALS- what act created national system of borstals and when made

• 1908 Prevention of Crime Act

BORSTALS- what was the day like inside one

• very structured and disciplined

• inmates took part in physical exercise and education and work programmes that focused on learning practical skills

BORSTALS- what act abolished them, when and what were they replaced with

• 1982 Criminal Justices Act

• replaced with youth custody centres

BORSTALS- factors for change and why

• attitudes of society and changing views of punishment- wanted education rather than physical punishment

• gov role- they made the acts that started and stopped borstals

• economy- country had more money to spend on creating and supplying borstals

APPROVED SCHOOLS- when were they set up and for who

• 1932

• offenders under the age of 15

APPROVED SCHOOLS- what did they do

similar to borstals and offered training in skills like bricklaying

APPROVED SCHOOLS- what caused them to gradually close

• rioting

• large numbers of children absconding (running away)

• public criticism

APPROVED SCHOOLS- when did they begin to close

1959

ATTENDANCE CENTRES- when introduced

1948

ATTENDANCE CENTRES- what are they, what they do and for whom

• non-custodial centres compulsory daily or weekly sessions for offenders 10-21

• cover basic literacy and numeracy, life skills like filling in job applications, money management

ATTENDANCE CENTRES- what ages do they deal with today and what do they run

• 18-24

• encourage understanding of the impact of their crimes on community

• run drug, alcohol and sexual health awareness sessions

ATTENDANCE CENTRES- key figure whose lots of ideas were included in the 1948 Criminal Justice Act

Alexander Patterson

ATTENDANCE CENTRES + APPROVED SCHOOLS- factors for change and why

• education- want to better their chances outside of prison

• human rights and attitudes in society- bad for children to stay with adults and better conditions for them

• economic- by teaching children not to offend and to learn skills they are able to have a job to give back to the economy and less likely to reoffend

YOUTH JUSTICE REFORMS- acts which changed this and when

Children and Young Persons Acts of 1963 and 1969

YOUTH JUSTICE REFORMS- what did the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 do

• focused on importance of caring and protecting young offenders

• raised criminal age of responsibility from 8 to 10

YOUTH JUSTICE REFORMS- what did the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 do

• during Wilsons labour gov

• favoured care orders and supervision by probation officers and social workers over prison sentences

YOUTH JUSTICE REFORMS- factors for change and why

• changing attitudes in society- age of responsibility risen

• human rights- caring for children important

• role of gov- Wilson gov did all of these changes

YOUTH JUSTICE REFORMS- impacts of abolition of borstals on youth crime

• increased

• 60% of those released from a borstal went on to reoffend

YOUTH JUSTICE REFORMS- what did government introduce to replace borstals and what did they do

• Youth Detention Centres

• military drill and discipline intended to provide a short sharp shock

• however, tougher stance failed to deter and reoffending rates actually increased

common attitude in society about purpose of prisons

• many more people think prisoners should be given a chance to change and not just be punished

focus of crimes given in modern courts

reform and rehabilitation

what agencies does Youth Court use and why

• police schools

• social workers

• probation officers

• emphasis on preventing the young person settling into a life of crime

what is the last resort for youth offenders

prisons

what is the last chance place for young offenders and where do they go after that

• Attendance Centres their last chance

• if they commit further offences they are lcoked up in a Young Offender Institution, which has similar rules as prisons

what sentences are the first ones for young offenders

• parents, fining them if they cannot keep their child under control

• other non custodial methods like tagging and curfews to monitor offenders movements and courts can impose certain activities on youngsters like counselling