Sociology 202 First Half

Society is Separated into what 3 Groups

Social Institutions, Statuses and Roles, Social Groups

Social Institutions

Traditional and Emergent

Statuses and Roles

Ascribed and Acheived

Social Groups

2 or more people who interact w/ one another as a distinct social unit

Primary Group

Small social group with tight knit connections

Secondary Group

Impersonal social group pursuing specific goal

Social Institutions

Set of organized beliefs and rules to that a society will meet basic social needs

Functionalists

Social Institutions perform essential functions: Replace Members, Teach New Members, Produce Distribute and Consume, Preserve Order, Provide sense of Purpose

Conflict Theorists

Social institutions need basic needs but does not meet everyone’s

Classification of Societies:

Hunting and Gathering, Pastoral, Horticultural, Agrarian, Industrial, Post-Industrial/Information

Society

Group of people who share common territory, culture, and interaction

What are Czech Cultural Values

Tied to Territory and naturally derived, real Czechs born in, born to, and speak czech

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices of a group that shape their social behavior and identity.

Nationalism

Loyalty to one’s own nation, based on ethnicity, culture, or shared history. Deep emotional attachment to the nation. Superiority of Nation over others

Types of nationalism

Civic, Cultural, Economic, Expansionist, Pan-Nationalism, Religious, Left-WIng, Right-Wing, Ultra

Ultra Nationalism

Promotes interest of one nation above all others, combined with “national rebirth” mean fascism

Patriotism

Love for a country as a whole without specific factors why. More inclusive, without negative view of other countries

Ernest Renan

Coined Past and Present of a Nation

Past of a Nation

Rich legacy or remembrance (common sufferings)

Present of a Nation

Live together to continue the common heritage

Primordialism

Nations rooted in shared bllod, culture, etc. Key thinkers Edward Shils and Clifford Geertz. National identity is innate. Existentialists ignoring constructed and modern nature of nations

Modernism

Nations are modern constructs, in response to industrialization. Key thinkers Ernest Gellner and Benedict Anderson and Eric Hobsbawm.

Ernest Gellner

Nationalism arises from needs of of industrial society for standard Culture

Benedict Anderson

Nations are “imagined communities”, created through print capitalism

Eric Hobsbawm

Many traditions are invented to serve modern political ends

Imagined Community

Imagined: Most members will never meet but still see themselves as shared community
Limited: Finite clear borders
Sovereign: Self governing, no divine right
Community: Despite inequality, sense of comradeship

Origin of National Consciousness

1. Development of Print-Capitalism - Shared languages and see as larger cohesive group

2. Shift from Latin to vernaculars - Allowed more people to read and understand without being told

3. Abolishment of divine right and hereditary monarchy - Began to imagine alternate ways of organizing creating national identities

Sociology

Study of human social life. How relationships influence attitude and how society develops and changes

Agents of Socialization

Individuals, Groups, Institutions, and experiences that facilitate the socialization process.
Family, Social Services, Education, Economy, Religion, Politics, Media

Sociological Perspective

Opens window to unfamiliar worlds and fresh look on others, New Vision of Social Life, Group Membership influences behavior

Reflective Skepticism

Asking important question before accepting propositions

August Comte

Father of Sociology and coined the term. Coined Positivism. Observe society to uncover fundamental laws. To reform society

Positivism

Applying scientific method to social life.

Applied sociology

Between analyzing and action, use of sociology to solve problems

Theoretical Perspectives

Groups of of theories that share common ways of how they see society. Established by Marx, Durkheim, Weber

Structural Functionalism

Independent parts working together for stability. Macro Scale
Founded by Emile Durkheim

Social Solidarity

Work for larger society interest rather than their own

Conflict Theory

Power Struggles and inequality between groups for scarce resources by Karl Marx.

Social inequality not just economic, but also race, gender, etc.
Ten stages of Social dev: 8th Cap, 9th Soc, 10th Comm

Symbolic Interaction

Everyday interaction and the meanings individual assign to them
Key Concepts: Symbols, identity, communication, social construction
Notable Theorists: George Mead

Theories of Society vs Social Psychological

Macro (large scale patterns of society) vs Micro (Social interaction in small scale patterns)

Mechanical Solidarity

Social cohesion pre-industrial. Minimal division of Labor

Organic Solidarity

Of industrial society, specialized tasks united by mutual dependence

Emile Durkheim

Founded Sociology as an academic discipline. Use of statistics in sociology. Structural/functionalist theorist.

Anomie

State of disorder or confusion in a society where standard norms are unclear

False Consciousness

Workers being used and misled, need to wake up

Alienation

Dehumanizing effects of working within a capitalist system

Karl Marx

Sociology as historical materialism. Approach called dialectical: proposes social contradiction and opposition

Social Interaction

Separated into Front Stage and Back Stage

Dramaturgical Theory

Goffman’s comparison everyday life to theater. Social Actors, Social Scripts, Props

Impression Management

Goffman’s term for people to present themselves in a way most favorable

Sociological Imagination

Personal Troubles and Public Issues: distinguish the 2 and understanding the connection is important
Intersection of Biography and History: Personal experiences shaped by historical and social factors
Critical Reflection: Go beyond personal experiences and consider broader social forces
By developing one, better comprehension of social forces in play and recognizing patterns that shape society

Harriet Martineau

Comte’s work into English. First acknowledge female sociologist. Examined American Society

Max Weber

Introduced Verstehen: subject’s pov. Social action: actions to whuch individuals attach subjective meaning

Herbert Spencer

Discredited, Coined Survival of the Fittest (Social Darwinism)

Thomas Masaryk

First Pres of Czechoslovak Republic. Established sociology in Charles Uni

Sociological Research

Investigate and Provide insights into how human societies operate. Empirical, Sci Method, and Theory

Hawthorne Effect:

People change behaviors because they know they are being watched

Types of Questions

Factual: How things Occur
Comparative: Relate social contexts
Developmental: How did we get here
Theoretical: Why things occur

Applied Research

Intended to be useful in the immediate future, suggest action

Basic Research

Add to our fundamental understand and knowledge about the world

Social THeory

Explanations about actions

Participant Observation

Observe while also taking part in the activities. Begin as exploratory

Surveys

Questions administered to gain daata

Historical Analysis/Comparison

Investigation of the past and using similar contexts to learn

Visual Sociology

Use of Visuals to analyze society.

Four Key points of Visual Research

Researchers Found Visual Data, Researchers Created Visual Data, Respondent Generated Visual Data, Representation and visual research

Dev of Social Self

When children can role-take and Name/Classify/Categorize the self. Dev only w/ social interaction, not part of the body, not at birth, Mead rejected that personality is biologically driven

George Mead

Coined three stages of development:
Prep: Early - Imitation
Play: 4-5 - particular others - people from birth
Game: 7+ - generalized others - understand social roles and demands of society

People Behavior

Me → Sig Other → Ref Group → Gen Others

Self

Comprised of Me(social self) and I.(unsocialized self) Me governs I. Me through imitation, play, and games

Looking Glass Self

Coined by Cooley. Appear to others, Estimate of Judgement, Emotional Response to Judegment

4 Stage Cognitive

By Piaget. Sensorimotor 0-2, Preop 2-7, Concrete Op 7-12, Formal Op 12+

3 Parts of Personality

By Freud. Id - Impulsive, Superego - Internalized conscience, Ego - rational part of self

Emile Durkheim

First Social Researcher and social science journal, Strucutural Functionalist. Used Quantitative and Qualitative Measures

Suicide

Act of Severing relationships. Major causes Social Integration and Social Regulation.

Social Integration

integration of people into the mainstream

Types of Suicide

Egoistic - emotional detachment, Anomic - normlesness, Altruistic - Higher Cause, Fatalistic - lack of hope

Ghetto

Originated in Venice Italy, expanded to other areas

Types of Ghettos

Closed - Cant Move, Open - enter and leave, Destruction - meant for death

Modern Anti-semitism

Used science as it’s base. Coined by Willlhelm Marr

Lebensraum

Living space for particular ethnic groups

Concentraction Camps

Emerged in the non-Western world under context of colonial rule

Bauman

Forms of bureacracy and modernization made the Holocaust so unprecedented

Conditions that erode moral inhibition

Authority - Auth of Violence, Routinization - Work seems routine, Dehumanization - Make less human

Stolperstein

Stones that memorialize those whom were perecuted or died by Nazis

Milgram Experiment

Under force in a way people would do things that they would usually rather not

Architects of the Holocaust

Adolf Eichman and Heinrich Heimler

Considering Religion

Not Concerned with the Truth, Org and Institutionalization, Unifying but can cause conflicts, Explained by social factors

Sacred

Aspects of life that are supernatural

Profane

Everyday, secular aspects of life

Fundamentalism

Rejects worldly pleasures and modernity

3 Functions of Functionalist Religion

Meaning and Purpose, Social Cohesion, Social Control and support for the government

Types of Religious Orgs

Ecclesia - Integrated into dom culture. Church - large bureacraticaly religious org with some degree of control of larger society. Denom - Large org char by accom to society. Sect - relatively small that broke away from larger org. Cult - loosely org group with pracitces outside the typical

Jan Hus

Czech Theologian who inspired key predecessor to Protestantism. Executed by Catholic church, causing Hussites to rebel.

Classical Theories of Religion

Weber studied religion as part of major social change. Disconnect in economic prosperity between Catholics and Protestants

Predestination

Already destined for heaven or hell. Work and if successful then to heaven

Race

category of people singled out as inferior or superior. Socially constructed not used before 1520

Ethnic Groups

Collection of people distinguished by cultural or nationality chars

Dominant vs Subordinate

Dom - Considered Advantaged, Sub - Groups of disadvantaged