Microbiology Exam 3 Study Guide Overview

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48 Terms

1

Staph

Catalase positive (catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide)

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2

E coli

Oxidase negative (part of electron transport chain)

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3

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea, small cells (<5 mm), nucleus with no membrane (nucleoid), 1 haploid chromosome, circular DNA, coupled transcription & translation, no internal membrane-bound organelles, no cytoskeleton, peptidoglycan cell walls, and cell division by binary fission.

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4

Eukaryotes

Algae, Fungi, Protozoa; larger cells (>10 mm), nucleus with membrane, 2 diploid chromosomes, linear DNA associated with histone proteins (chromatin), transcription & translation not directly linked, membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria), cytoskeleton, no peptidoglycan cell walls, and cell division by mitosis or meiosis.

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5

Capsule

Slime/sugar layer/coating that has a white halo around it.

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6

Lysosomes

Formed from Golgi Complex, single membrane, enzymes for digestion.

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7

Mitochondria

Bilayer outer layer, inner layer has cristae (folds), center has a matrix (semifluid substance), proteins that help make ATP.

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8

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis and transport with ribosomes.

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9

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesis and transport without ribosomes.

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10

Golgi complex

Works with the ER to sort and transport.

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11

Bacterial Cell Wall

Polymeric mesh-like structure that provides rigidity and structure; peptidoglycan is a monomer and a repeating disaccharide with peptides.

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12

Gram-positive

Purple, thick peptidoglycan wall (penicillin can prevent its growth), long bacilli.

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13

Gram-negative

Pink, thin peptidoglycan wall, example E-coli.

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14

Beta-lactam drugs

Interact with peptidoglycan synthesis; can be bactericidal (kills the microbe directly) or bacteriostatic (prevents the microbes from growing).

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15

Narrow-spectrum

Range of different microbial types affected by the drug.

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16

Broad-spectrum

A large range of gram-positive/negative bacteria affected by the drug.

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17

Selectively Toxic

Kills the microorganism but not the host.

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18

Differential stain

Stains that help distinguish between organisms.

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19

Negative Stain

Shows capsules.

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20

Malachite Green Stain

Used to identify endospores.

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21

Gram Stain

Used to identify how thick the peptidoglycan cell wall is.

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22

Acid Fast Stain

Used to identify the mycotic acid on the cell wall; differentiates bacteria with high content of mycolic acids.

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23

Carbolfuchsin Stain

Used for flagella; also the primary stain in an acid-fast stain.

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24

Citrate test

Tests the use of citrate as a carbon source.

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25

Coagulase test

Tests for the production of coagulase which causes fibrinogen in the blood to clot.

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26

Catalase test

Differentiates between staph(+) and staph(-) by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to H2O and oxygen.

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27

Active Transport

Movement across the proton gradient with the use of ATP.

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28

Passive Transport

Movement from high to low concentration without the need for ATP.

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29

Facilitated Transport

A form of passive transport of molecules along their concentration gradient, guided by membrane proteins.

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30

Lag phase

No increase in cell number; cells are synthesizing proteins and enzymes needed for nutrient uptake.

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31

Exponential phase

Cells are balanced in growth; antibiotics work best here.

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32

Stationary phase

Population is stable but unequal growth.

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33

Decline/death phase

Cells die.

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34

Innate immunity

Non-specific immunity with no immunological memory.

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35

Adaptive immunity

Specific immunity with immunological memory.

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36

Lymphocytes

Directly destroy other cells, especially virus-filled cells through the release of perforins and other cytolytic chemicals.

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37

Macrophages

Specialized cells involved in detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms.

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38

Neutrophils

Highly phagocytic white blood cells that are early responders in the innate defense against infection.

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39

Eosinophils

Granulocytes that possess phagocytic properties and play an important role in the destruction of parasites.

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40

Natural killer cells

Capable of directly destroying other cells, especially virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

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41

CD8+ T cells

Primarily involved in the destruction of cells infected by foreign agents.

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42

CD4+ T cells

Mediate the response by directing other cells to perform cytotoxic and phagocytic activity.

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43

Plasma cells

Secrete soluble enzymes.

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44

Memory B cells

Long-lived cells that respond quickly during a second exposure.

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45

Dendritic cells

Messengers between innate and adaptive immunity.

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46

Basophiles

Granulocytes that can control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma.

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47

Mast cells

Function as immune sentinel cells and are early producers of cytokines in response to infection or injury.

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48

Phagocytes

Cells that perform phagocytosis.ingestion of a microorganism or any particulate matter by a cell; CELL EATS MICROORGANISM!).

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