Principles of Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 1 Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body.

Anatomy was first studied by __________, which is the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.

dissection

The subspecialty of anatomy that studies the first eight weeks of development following fertilization of an egg in humans is __________.

Embryology

The subspecialty of anatomy that examines structures without using a microscope is __________ anatomy.

Gross

The subspecialty of anatomy that studies body structures that can be visualized with x-rays is __________ anatomy.

Radiographic

The subspecialty of physiology that studies functional changes associated with disease and aging is __________.

Pathophysiology

The subspecialty of physiology that studies the functional properties of nerve cells is __________.

Neurophysiology

The basic level of structural organization that includes atoms and molecules is the __________ level.

chemical

In humans, there are about __________ different types of cells, which represent the basic structural and functional units of an organism.

$$200$$

The four basic types of tissues in the human body are epithelial, connective, muscular, and __________.

nervous

The organ system that protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, and helps make vitamin D is the __________ system.

integumentary

Hormone-producing glands such as the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands belong to the __________ system.

endocrine

The __________ system returns proteins and fluid to blood and contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells.

lymphatic

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body is known as __________.

metabolism

The phase of metabolism that involves the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components is __________.

catabolism

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation are known as __________ cells.

stem

Normal blood glucose levels range between __________ and $110\,mg$ of glucose per $100\,mL$ of blood.

$$70$$

Fluid located inside the cells of the body is called __________ fluid.

intracellular

Extracellular fluid located specifically between cells of tissues is called __________ fluid.

interstitial

In a feedback system, the body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to the control center is the __________.

receptor

In a feedback system, the body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response is the __________.

effector

A feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition is classified as a __________ feedback system.

negative

Pressure-sensitive receptors located in blood vessels that detect changes in blood pressure are called __________.

baroreceptors

During childbirth, stretching of the cervix stimulates the release of the hormone __________ from the pituitary gland to enhance uterine contractions.

oxytocin

Subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer, such as a headache or nausea, are called __________.

symptoms

Objective changes in body function that can be observed and measured by a clinician, such as a fever or swelling, are called __________.

signs

In the standard anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with feet flat on the floor and palms turned __________.

forward

A body position where the subject is lying face down is termed the __________ position.

prone

The directional term __________ means nearer to or at the front of the body.

anterior

The directional term __________ means farther from the midline of the body.

lateral

A structure that is on the same side of the body as another structure is described as __________.

ipsilateral

The directional term __________ means nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk.

proximal

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into equal right and left sides is called a __________ plane.

midsagittal

A plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions is the __________ plane.

frontal

An oblique plane passes through the body or an organ at an angle other than a __________-degree angle.

$$90$$

The space in the skull that encloses and protects the brain is the __________ cavity.

cranial

The anatomical region in the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the medial walls of the pleural cavities is the __________.

mediastinum

The dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is the __________.

diaphragm

Organs such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas that lie posterior to the peritoneum are described as __________ organs.

retroperitoneal

The serous membrane layer that directly covers the surface of the heart is the __________ pericardium.

visceral

The superior horizontal line used to partition the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions is the __________ plane.

subcostal

Noninvasive physical examination technique involving gently touching body surfaces with hands is called __________.

palpation

Noninvasive physical examination technique where a clinician listens to body sounds using a stethoscope is called __________.

auscultation

The imaging procedure where an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body to produce a transverse view is __________ tomography.

Computed

High-frequency sound waves reflecting off body tissues to produce an image called a sonogram is known as __________ scanning.

ultrasound

The branch of medical science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in a community is __________.

Epidemiology

A postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death is an __________.

autopsy