Human Physiology EXAM 2

Which of the following is a lipid soluble hormone

T3, thryoxine, corticosterone, DHEA

Steroid hormone

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen

What hormone must bind to a cell membrane receptor

calcitonin, PTH

all hormones from the _______ are considered steriods

adernal cortex

the hypothalamus has a neural connection to the ______________ pituitary

posterior

What hormone targets the breasts

prolactin

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary

follicle stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

True or false: all hormones released from the pituitary gland are regulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus

false

The endocrine disorder caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone

acromegaly

Select the targets for antidiuretic hormone

kidneys and blood vessels

which of the following hormones target bone, specifically

calcitonin, pTH

Which of the following activities is consistent with the major function of insulin

glycogenesis

which peptide hormone inhibits spermatogenesis

inhibin

which hormone is released due to varying concentrations of nutrients or ions in the bloodstream (humoral feedback)

insulin, aldosterone, PTH, calcitonin

Choose some effect of chronic cortisol secretion

gluconeogenesis, decreased muscle mass, hyperglycemia, vasoconstriction

Which is a metabolic effect of epinephrine hormone

glycogenesis, increased skeletal muscle metabolis,, glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle

choose the hormone that increases circulating nutrient levels in the blood stream

insulin, glucagon, cortisol

which is a hyposecretion disorder

addisons disease and diabetes insipidus

which hormones are involved in the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome

cortisol aldosterone

a person is diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease and her T3, T4, and TSH levels all measure lower than normal. Which is the most likely diagnosis

secondary hypothyroidism

which of the following is regulated by feedback of nutrients or ions (humoral feedback)

parathyroid hormone

the hormone that decreases osteoclast activity and lowers plasma calcium

calcitonin

which of the following hormones would be expected to increase if you were studying all day for a test and skipped breakfast and lunch

glucagon

after consuming a banana split, which hormones would be expected to increase

insulin calcitonin

the division of the peripheral nervous system that brings information toward the central nervous system is the

afferent division

which branch of the peripheral nervous system is represented in the flow chart by letter D

efferent

what effectors are represented by letter B

cardiac muscles smooth muscles and glands

which branch of efferent nervous system is represented by letter C

autonomic motor

what is the effect of parasympathetic preganglionic acetylcholine

excitation

the portion of the autonomic nervous system that would increase cardiac muscle contraction during a stress response is the

Sympathetic

which of the following is a parasympathetic nervous system function

increase smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract

A theoretical hormone is released from the hypothalamus, targets the anterior pituitary, and causes the release of other hormones that target the pancreas.

pancreatotropic releasing hormone

Two patients come in with hypothyroidism. You draw blood from both and find that:

Patient A has high levels of TRH, low levels of TSH, and low levels of T3 & T4.

Patient B has high levels of TRH, high levels of TSH, and low levels of T3 & T4. Which of these two patients likely has an improperly functioning anterior pituitary?

what disorder is a hyporesponsiveness disorder

type 2 diabetes mellitus

Division of the peripheral nervous system that brings information towards the central nervous system

afferent division

list all the hormones that are peptides/proteins

glucagon, oxytocin, calcitonin, prolactin, inhibin, TRH, insulin, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, CRH, PTH, ADH, ACTH, GnRH, GHRH, PRH

water soluble amines

epinephrine, PIH

lipid soluble amines

T3/T4

steroids

estrogen, progesterone, androgen, aldosterone, cortisol

If a male athlete took artificial testosterone as a performance enhancing drug

FSH

LH

Spermatogenesis

FSH - decreases

LH - decreases

Spermatogenesis - decreases

When the parathyroid galnd fails to respond to calcium binding to its receptors

blood plasma Ca+2 levels

bone mass

blood plasma Ca+2 levels - increase

bone mass - decreases

released due to plasma concentration, serves to raise plasma glucose levels

glucose

causes increased Na+ reabsorption at the kidney; raises blood pressure

aldosterone

released due to circadian rhythms, serves to raise blood plasma glucose levels

cortisol, corticosteron

causes increased reabsorption at kidney; causes vasoconstriction

vasopressin/antiduretic hormone

released due to acute stress; causes increased heart rate, serves to raise plasma glucose levels

epinephrine, noepinephrine

released due to low plasma Ca++ concentration targets osteoclasts and kidneys

parathyroid hormone

Following an action potential, which neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

somatic motor neurons, preganglionic sympathetic neurons, preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, postganglionic parasympathetic neurons,

the figure above represents the entire _____________ nervous system

efferent

predict the response of the smooth muscle of the intestine to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

inhibition and relaxation

Predict the impact of sympathetic postganglionic norepinephrine on the following tissues:Smooth muscle of the stomach wall; smooth muscle of penile arteries & arterioles

inhibition and relaxation; excitation and contration

click on the site of acetylcholine release

on the cell

Upon stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream. Epinephrine can function as either a neurotransmitter or a hormone. Discuss with your partner and explain how epinephrine is functioning in this context AND how it will impact physiology differently when released as a neurotransmitter versus as a hormone.

It's functioning as a hormone, because it's released into the bloodstream. As a hormone, it will have broader (although slower) responses. It's not limited to the classic effector organs, and can have metabolic (catabolic) effects and impact circulating nutrient levels.

This simulation only shows positively charged ions. How can one side of the membrane have a net negative charge in this scenario? What must be present but not shown in the image? ​

negatively charged ions are present but not shown

Before stimulating the neuron, when it is at resting membrane potential, which membrane channels are OPEN? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

K+ leak channels Na+ leak channels

Before stimulating the neuron, when it is at resting membrane potential, which membrane channels are closed? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

K+ voltage gated channels

Na+ voltage gated channels

Based on what you know of neuron structure and function, the gated channels in this simulation, on this specific region of the neuron cell membrane, are most likely to be

voltage gated channels

The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are different inside and outside the membrane. Which direction will sodium ions move as a result of diffusion through the leak channels?

inside the cell

The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are different inside and outside the membrane. Which direction will potassium ions move as a result of diffusion through the leak channels?

outside the cell

Which of these channels opens first (during the upstroke of the AP)?

voltage gated Na+ channels

Which of these channels opens second (during the peak and downstroke)?

voltage gated K+ channels

Without looking back at your notes, think through what you know about hypokalemia, a disorder of low K+ in the ECF.What do you predict would be the resting membrane potential of a neuron in a person with hypokalemia? How might this impact a person's ability to send the frequ

The cell would be hyperpolarized at rest (-90 mV), which would make getting to threshold more difficult. Frequent APs would be difficult, because each would be slower to reach threshold. You would have trouble generating APs frequently enough to think through the question.

The drug ouabain inhibits the function of the ​sodium-potassium pump​. Predict the short-term and long-term effects of ouabain on the ability to stimulated a neuron. Think about the effect this would have on the resting membrane potential.

If Ouabain is applied to a cell the Na+/K+ ATP-ase could not pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell to develop a chemical gradient. This pump plays a role in maintaining a negative resting membrane potential. Therefore there will be less chemical gradient and electrical gradient so sodium will not flow in and potassium flow out. The cell will then be unable to depolarize or create an action potential stopping the signaling process.

Observe the "Stimulate Neuron" button throughout the course of the action potential. Notice that the button turns gray, indicating that it is not available to be clicked. This actually represents an important concept in neuron function, the ​absolute refractory period​. What is the membrane potential (in mV) when you can stimulate the neuron again? How does this measurement compare to the resting membrane potential?

around -60 mV

which of the following is primarily responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential of a cell

faster leaking (greater permeability) to K+

which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest

polarized

true or false: A graded potential may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

true

in the process of generating an action potential, which occurs first?

ligand-gated Na+ channels open

identify the channels most directly responsible for the voltage change recorded in phase 1 of the graph

voltage gated Na+ channels

identify the type of channel most likely to be open during the repolarization phase of the following graph

voltage gated K+ channels

true or false a strong stimulus produces a strong action potential

false

during the relative refractory period, a second action potential

can be elicited by a threshold stimulus or can be elicited by a superthreshold stimulus

saltatory conduction refers to which of the following

the conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon

As the axon hillock depolarizes, Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ moves (into or out of) __________ the cell causing further (depolarization or repolarization) __________.

into; depolarization

what is the primary difference between graded potential vs action potentials

in neurons, action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrite and cell bodies

in the following, Y represents

a hyperpolarizing graded potential

absolute and relative refractory periods are important aspects of which of the following

action potentials

hypokalemia (low extracellular K+ concentration), if sustained, will cause

hyperpolarization and difficulty achieving action potentials