Protestant Reformation and Wars of Religion

Flashcards on the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Wars of Religion (1450-1648)

What were some examples of corruption within the Roman Catholic Church during the time of Martin Luther?

Simony (buying and selling of church offices), nepotism, and the selling of indulgences.

What did Martin Luther believe about salvation and how did it contrast with the Catholic Church's teachings?

Luther believed salvation is a free gift received by faith, while the Church taught that salvation is earned through faith and good works.

What was the significance of Luther's vernacular Bible in German?

It made the Bible accessible to common people, increasing literacy and individual interpretation of scripture.

What is predestination, as taught by John Calvin?

The doctrine that God had decided from before the foundation of the world who would be saved and who would not.

How did Calvinism influence the accumulation of wealth and attitudes toward the poor?

Wealth accumulation symbolized elect status, and Calvinists believed they had a duty to help the poor.

How did Anabaptists differ from Lutherans and Calvinists regarding baptism?

Anabaptists believed that only adults could be baptized, while Lutherans and Calvinists practiced infant baptism.

What was the Edict of Nantes, and what did it achieve?

Established France as Catholic but gave freedom to Protestants.

What did the Peace of Augsburg establish in 1555?

Individual rulers in the HRE could decide for themselves whether their people would be Lutheran or Catholic.

What event triggered the beginning of the Thirty Years' War?

The Defenestration of Prague, where Protestant officials threw Catholic officials out of a window.

What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

Ended the Thirty Years' War, marked the end of Europe's religious wars, amended the Augsburg Agreement to include Calvinism, gave power to individual states, and hastened the decline of the HRE.

What were the main goals of the Catholic Reformation (or Counter-Reformation)?

To address corruption within the Church, stem the loss of followers to Protestantism, and reassert Catholic doctrine.

What were the key outcomes of the Council of Trent?

Suppressed simony, forbade the sale of indulgences, reaffirmed celibacy of the clergy, created spiritual renewal, and reaffirmed Catholic doctrines.

Name two new religious orders that emerged during the Catholic Reformation and their founders.

Carmelite Order (St. Teresa of Avila) and the Jesuits (St. Ignatius of Loyola).

How did social hierarchies change during and after the Reformation?

Status was no longer solely determined by birth or land ownership; the rise of a merchant class allowed for social mobility, though land ownership still held prestige.

What was the Querelle des Femmes, and what questions did it address?

A French debate known as "The Woman Question" that addressed whether women should receive university education.

What were the common punishments in place to humiliate during the Reformation?

Ex: stocks, flogging

What is Mannerism art?

Made use of distorted figures and colors to communicate emotion

What is Baroque art?

Extravagant, emotional, dramatic;Catholics sought to critique baron and muted styles of Protestant Art