Physio lecture 1 (organelles and stuff)

Rough ER

protein synthesis (ribosomes attached)

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis, detox, calcium storage

Ribosomes

mixture of RNA and proteins. function to synthesize new protein molecules

Clinical link for ribosomes

antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes selectively

Golgi Apparatus

modifying and packing proteins. direct proteins to lysosomes, membrane, or secretion

clinical link for golgi apparatus

congenital disorders of glycosylation -> multisystem disease

Lysosomes

contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion

Clinical tie for lysosomes

lysosomal storage (Tay-Sachs and Gauchers)

Peroxisomes

contain oxidases and catalase -> breakdown fatty acids/toxins

Clinical relevance of peroxisomes

Zellweger syndrome-- defective peroxisome biogenesis

Secretory Vesicles

Store substances as proenzymes (inactive precursors). When stimulated they release contents by exocytosis

Clinical relevancce of secretory vesicles

pancreatic acinar cells store digestive proenzymes. when secreted into duodenum, they are activated to enzymes that break down into nutrients -> premature activation inside pancreas can cause acute pancreatitis

Nuclear membrane

separates nucleus from ECF

Cell membrane

separates cytoplasm from ECF

Nucleus

stores DNA

Nucleolus

ribosome synthesis

Clinical link for nucleus

target for viral infections (HIV, HPV)

Mitochondria

ATP production

Mitochondrial energy production

nutrients + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

MItochondria self replication

contain their own DNA and ribosomes -> can increase in number when energy demand rises

% of ATP produced in mitochondria

95%

Nutrient breakdown: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates -> pyruvic acid

Nutrient Breakdown: Lipids

Lipids -> fatty acids

Nutrient Breakdown:

Proteins -> amino acids

Where Acetyl-CoA production occurs

mitochondrial matrix

What enters the citric acid cycle?

acetyl coA

Structure of ATP

adenine (nitrogeneous base), Ribose (5 carbon sugar), three phosphate groups

Function of microfilaments (actin)

cell shape and motility

What protein fibers make up the cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Function of intermediate filaments

structural support

Function of microtubules

transport highways, mitotic spindle

Function of DNA

contains genes that determines structural proteins and enzymes that regulate cytoplasmic/nuclear activity

DNA cell reproduction

DNA replicatess -> mitosis -> 2 daughter cells (each with identical DNA)

Nuclear structure

double bilayer. continuous with ER. thousands of pores for transport (proteins/RNA)

Chromatin

DNA + proteins

What condenses into chromosomes during mitosis?

Chromatin

Structure of nucleolus

Dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA. Located inside the nucleus

Function of nucleolus

DNA genes -> RNA synthesis

When the RNA exits the nucleolus what does it do?

RNA exits through pores -> combines with proteins -> forms ribosomes

Cilia

movement of substances (respiratory tract, fallopian tubes)

Flagella

sperm motility

Amoeboid motion

WBCs migrating into tissue

Clinical link of cilia

primary cilia dyskinesia -> recurrent infections, infertility

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

cells eating