PSY 345 Exam 3

Conduct problems/Antisocial Behavior

Term that describes the violations of expectations, societal norms, or the rights of others

How are children with conduct problems described in terms of BIS/BAS systems?

Low BIS/High BAS

What type of reinforcement is central to coercion theory

negative reinforcement

Around what percentage of anxiety disorders seems to be due to genetics?

33%

externalizing problems

acting out

delinquency

behavior that intersects with the justice system

Oppositional Defiant Disorder criteria

• present for at least 6 months

• 4 symptoms in the following categories: Angry/irritable mood; argumentative; vindictiveness

ODD Angry/Irritable Mood symptoms

• often loses temper

• is often touchy or easily annoyed

• often angry or resentful

ODD Argumentative symptoms

• argues with authority figures or adults

• often defies authority or rules

• deliberately annoys others

ODD vindictiveness symptoms

• has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice within the past six months

Conduct Disorder

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of other or major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated

Conduct Disorder Criteria

• 3 symptoms from any one of these categories: Aggression to people/animals; Destruction of property; Deceitfulness or theft; Serious Violations of rules

• Symptoms must be present in the last 12 months with one of them being present in the last 6 months

Oppositional Behavior is…

Overt and Nondestructive

Aggression is…

Overt and Destructive

Property Violations are…

Covert and Destructive

Status Violations are…

Covert and Nondestructive

Brofenbrenner’’s Ecological Theory of Development

• The individual e.g. genes, neurobiology, social cogntion

• Microsystem e.g. family, school, peers

• Mesosystem: How the exosystem affects the microsystem

• Exosystem e.g. neighbors, mass media, parents workplace

• Macrosystem: Attitudes and ideologies of the culture

• Chronosystem: Time period

proximal influences

immediate interactions (microsystem)

Social Cognition

Interpretations of people’s behavior and motives

Impaired communication in fams with ODD

• impaired communication between family members

• some family members may be passive

• extreme concern about coalitions (ganging up)

• Refuse to understand others’ POV

• Sarcasm, accusations, dwelling on the past, use of threats

Impaired problem solving in fams with ODD

• define problems poorly

• disagree about solutions

• fail to negotiate

• implement faulty solutions

Problems in fams with ODD

• Detachment until conflict forces interaction

• weak parental coalition

• Inconsistent discipline

Coercion Theory

• parent gives demand

• child defies

• parent backs down

• Child behaviors gets reinforced negatively

• parents’ behavior gets reinforced negatively

Coercion Theory child BIS/BAS systems

• BIS: decreased care about punishment

• BASS: high approach system

Gene-Envo Correlations

• passive: parent who passes along gene also provides similar environment (parent driven)

• Active: child with certain genes influences environment to be similar to genetic makeup (child driven)

Despite maternal depression and mother-child attachment, there were fewer child problems only in _______ multigenerational homes

Latinx

Life-course persistent ASB

• Low activation of orbital frontalcortex so amygdala may take over

• Low active type MAOA (warrior gene): unresponsive to the calming effects of serotonin

Adolescent-Limited ASB

• Maturity gap: Don’t have the same rights as adults so they rebel

• Social Mimicry: Adolescents get into antisocial behavior because their peers do

Interventions for ASPD

• PMT

• CBT: problem solving skills and anger coping

• Multisystemic Therapy

• prevention

disruptive disorders Multisystemic Therapy

• Focus on systems surrounding child

• In-home

• Therapists are on-call

• weekly consultation with MST expert

prevention for ASPD

• The incredible years

• Fast Track

The incredible years

• parent training

• teacher training

• group therapy for children: teach coping skills

Fast Track

• Across elementary, middle, and high school

• teaches problem solving, emotion regulation, academic skills

MEDS for ASPD

• stimulants

• Lithium

• Antipsychotics

MDD criteria

• five or more of the following

• depressed mood

• loss of interest/pleasure

• insomnia/hypersomnia

• psychomotor agitation/retardation

• fatigue/ loss of energy

• feelings of worthlessness/excessive guilt

• diminished ability to think/ concentrate

• recurrent thoughts of death

PDD

• Depressed mood

• most of the day, most days

• at least 1 year

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

• severe persistent irritability

• temper outbursts (3-4 per week) for 1 year in 3 contexts

• irritable/angry mood most of the day

Influences on Mood disorders

• stressful events

• family influences

• cognitive patterns

• Interpersonal Interactions

Stressful events (MD)

• divorce

• family death

• moving schools

Family Influences (MD)

• genetics

• lack of positive family interactions

• increased negative interactions

• lack of routines and regulations

Cognitive patterns

• Harter self-esteem model

• attributional bias

• negative cognitive triad

• Rumination

Harter self-esteem model

it is important to build self-esteem in many domains so when one takes a hit we still good

A depressed person thinks negative events

• happen because they suck (internal)

• will always be this way (stable)

• It is true for everything in their life (global)

A depressed person thinks positive events

• happen randomly (external)

• happen infrequently (unstable)

• only apply to that certain situation (specific)

Interpersonal Interactions (MD)

• social withdrawal

• high in reassurance seeking: get some but then not enough, ask for more, so friends withdrawal

Negative Cognitive Triad

negative thoughts about the self,world and future

Why are adolescents so depressed?

• task of independence

• heightened sense of "imaginary audience”

• pressure towards conformity

• increase of negative events

Depression prevalence rates are strongest for…

• girls (cis and trans)

• sexual and gender minority youth

Treatment for depression

CBT

• Cognition: correct faulty thinking patterns, automatic thoughts

• Behavioral component: behavioral activation, increase reinforcement for acitvity

Medication for BD

• lithium

• antipsychotics

CBT for BD

Routine

Affect Regulation

I can do it

No Negative thoughts

Be a good friend

Oh, how can solve it

Ways to get support

Bipolar I

• at least one manic episode

• one or more major depressive episode

Bipolar II

• at least one hypomanic episode

• one or major depressive episodes

Cyclothymia

• hypomania

• dysthymia: negative mood not as intense as MD

Age of onset: early school age

OCD and Separation anxiety disorder

Age of onset: middle childhood

GAD, specific phobia

Age of onset: adolescents

OCD, social phobia, panic disorder

2-factor theory

classical + operant conditioning

Social learning theory

learn from others to be anxious about things

attachment theory

Insecure resistant attachment lead to over reliance on other for supports which leads to anxiety and depression

Early theories of anxiety are rooted in __________

behaviorism

Biology contributing to anxiety

• Amygdala

• HPA Axis: Adrenal glands secrete cortisol

Fearful temperament

• wariness in the presence of novelty

• avoidance of vigilance towards the unfamiliar

• physiological reactivity

• increased likelihood of anxiety

• continual fearful temperament predicts anxiety

Parenting that contributes to anxiety

• behavior that limits independence

• overprotection

• intrusiveness

• rejection

• modeling/ reinforcement of anxious coping

Types of exposure therapy for anxiety

• flooding: face what is feared the most

• graded exposure: face situation in order from least to most anxiety provoking

• Systematic desensitization: learn relaxation skills to use during graded exposure

Exposure therapy for OCD

exposure and response prevention

PTSD exposure therapy

trauma narrative

Panic Disorder exposure therapy

interceptive exposure

GAD exposure therapy

feared negative consequences (think about till anxiety goes down)

CBT for anxiety

• addresses faulty thinking patterns e.g biases towards threat, catastrophic thinking

Family Treatment

• change family functioning to aid in treatment of child

• Help with changes in family that results from child getting better

Meds for anxiety

SSRIs