Med Terms Chp 4-15

ankyl/o

crooked or stiff

arthr/o, articul/o

joint

brachi/o

arm

cervic/o

neck

chondr/o

cartilage (gristle)

cost/o

rib

crani/o

skull

dactyl/o

digit (finger or toe)

fasci/o

fascia (a band)

femor/o

femur

fibr/o

fiber

kyph/o

humped-back

lei/o

smooth

lord/o

bent

lumb/o

loin (lower back)

my/o, myos/o, muscul/o

muscle

myel/o

bone marrow or spinal cord

oste/o

bone

patell/o

knee cap

pelv/i

pelvis (basin) or hip bone

radi/o

radius

rhabd/o

rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)

sarc/o

flesh

scoli/o

twisted

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebra

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon (to stretch)

thorac/o

chest

ton/o

tone or tension

uln/o

ulna

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

axial skeleton

bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)

bone

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton

compact bone

tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones

spongy bone (cancellous bone)

mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity

long bones

bones of the arms and legs

short bones

bones of the wrist and ankles

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

epiphysis

wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth)

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

endosteum

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

bone marrow

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

red bone marrow

functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults

yellow bone marrow

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

periosteum

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

articular cartilage

a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate

articulation

a joint; the point where two bones come together

bursa

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

disk or disc

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue

nucleus pulposus

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk between the vertebrae that reduces friction

ligament

a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

synovial membrane

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

striated muscle (skeletal muscle)

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

cardiac muscle

muscle of the heart

origin of a muscle

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

insertion of a muscle

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

tendon

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

anatomic or anatomical position

a term of reference that health professionals use when applying any other term of reference planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference

body planes

reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts

coronal plane (frontal plane)

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

anterior (A) / ventral

front of the body

posterior (P) / dorsal

back of the body

anterior-posterior (AP)

from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

posterior-anterior (PA)

from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

superior (cephalic)

situated above another structure, toward the head

inferior (caudal)

situated below another structure, away from the head

proximal

toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip

distal

away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee

medial

toward the middle (midline)

lateral

toward the side

axis

the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

erect

normal standing position

decubitus

lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down)

prone

lying face down and flat

recumbent

lying down

supine

horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back ("on the spine")

flexion

bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

extension

straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased

abduction

movement away from the body

adduction

movement toward the body

rotation

circular movement around an axis

eversion

turning outward, i.e., of a foot

inversion

turning inward, i.e., of a foot

supination

turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward

pronation

turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

range of motion (ROM)

total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees

goniometer

instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio = angle)

arthralgia

joint pain