KNES 365: Chapter 9

What's the difference between sign and symptom?

• sign: see

• symptom: feel

Prefix: Arthro-

joint

Prefix: Myo-

muscle

Suffix: -scopy

examine

What does FOOSH stand for?

fall on out-stretched hand

List some muscle/tendon injuries.

• strain

• spasm

• tendinitis

• trigger point

List some bone injuries.

• fracture

• Osgood-Schlatter

List some ligament/joint injuries.

• sprain

• arthritis

• bursitis

• dislocation

List some nerve injuries.

• paresthesia

• concussion

How does trauma/mechanical injuries happen?

force → body = disturbance in function/structure

Load

external force applied to tissue

Stiffness

tissue’s ability to resist load

Stress

internal resistance of tissue to external load

Strain

extent of tissue deformation

Elasticity

tissue’s ability to return to normal after load is removed

Yield Point

the point past elastic recovery

Plastic

a lasting, permanent change in tissue

Creep

ongoing deformation under sustained load

Failure Point

tissue integrity is compromised

What is mechanical failure? What are the 2 types?

• mechanical failure: injury to tissue, occurring in either pattern:

  • ductile: gradual failure w/ visible deformation before tissue fully gives way; more warning signs

  • brittle: sudden failure w/ little to no warning of deformation beforehand

Types of Tissue Loading

What’s the difference between a traumatic and overuse injury?

Why might the terms for “acute” and “chronic” not be the best descriptors of injury?

Bone (fracture): Trauma or Overuse? Loading Type(s)?

• usually traumatic

• compression

Ligament (sprain): Trauma or Overuse? Loading Type(s)?

• usually traumatic

• tension, shearing

Tendon (tendinopathy): Trauma or Overuse? Loading Type(s)?

• usually overuse

• tension, compression, bending

Muscle (strain): Trauma or Overuse? Loading Type(s)?

• usually traumatic

• tension, compression, bending

Cartilage: Trauma or Overuse? Loading Type(s)?

• usually traumatic

• shearing

Types of Muscle Strains

• Grade 1: some muscle fibers stretched or torn; some tenderness

• Grade 2: more muscle fibers torn; painful contraction

• Grade 3: complete rupture; functional impairment

Muscle: Cramps

• form of involuntary contraction

• overload, fatigue, or restriction driven by neuromuscular control, not just hydration

Muscle: Guarding

• form of involuntary contraction

• “splinting:” a protective response to pain after injury

Muscle: Spasm

• form of involuntary contraction

• increased tension & shortening

• clonic (contract-relax) or tonic (lengthy contraction)

Muscle Soreness: Acute-Onset

• occurs with fatigue

• felt during & immediately after activity

Muscle Soreness: Delayed-Onset (DOMS)

• begins ~12 hours after activity

• peaks around 24–48 hours

• inked to eccentric/isometric work & tears