Social Psychology and Individual Differences Flashcards

Flashcards about Social Psychology and Individual Differences

What are the key dimensions that define a group in social psychology?

Numbers, longevity, concentration, structure, purpose, and autocracy/democracy

What distinguishes common bond groups from common identity groups?

Common bond groups are based on emotional ties, while common identity groups are based on identity ties.

Define 'entitativity' in the context of group dynamics.

The extent to which a group is seen as distinct.

What is group cohesiveness primarily based on?

Solidarity, mutual support, uniformity of conduct, and social attraction.

What is the Staying Strong Norm?

Medical students feeling pressure to remain strong and unaffected by their experiences.

What are some theories of intergroup behaviour?

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis, Realistic Conflict theory, and Game Theory

What is the commons dilemma (Game Theory)?

When individuals acting in their own self-interest end up ruining a shared resource, even if preserving it is in everyone’s interest.

What are ways to improve social identity?

Social creativity and social competition

Define Prejudice.

Adverse opinion formed without sufficient knowledge.

What is stereotype threat?

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, leading to anxiety and worsened performance.

What is attributional ambiguity?

The difficulty in determining whether negative behavior toward someone is due to prejudice or other factors.

What is aversive racism?

Subtle racism characterized by discomfort, avoidance, and anxiety in interactions, often unintentional but still damaging.

What is Social Dominance Theory?

The degree to which individuals prefer and support group-based hierarchies in society.

Define Internalised Racism?

Acceptance and incorporation of racist beliefs or stereotypes by individuals from marginalized racial or ethnic groups.

What are the implications from Moss-Racusin et al. (2012) study?

Highlights implicit gender bias in academic science contributing to gender inequality in hiring, salary, and mentoring.

What are the key findings of Hoffman, Trawalter, Oliver (2016) study regarding race and pain perception?

Black targets are rated as feeling less pain than white targets, an effect stronger for those endorsing false biological myths.

What is the importance of proximity in relationship formation?

Proximity allows for familiarity, availability, and expectation of continued interaction.

What is the self-expansion model in the context of relationship maintenance?

The desire to enrich identities, achieved through shared activities that lead to relationship satisfaction.

What is the fatal attraction phenomenon?

Qualities that are initially attractive are the same qualities that cause the relationship to end.

What are the two levels of forgiveness?

Intrapersonal level (silent forgiveness) and interpersonal level (express and demonstrate feelings).

What is supported by the Stanley and Markman study regarding therapists?

Relationship therapists can use: make it safe to connect, do your part, decide, don’t slide

Give the 4 stages of Duck's Relationship Dissolution Model.

1. Intrapsychic phase 2.Dyadic phase 3. Social phase 4. grave-dressing phase

What are the three types of aggression?

Most common: intent to harm another person who is motivated to avoid that harm, violence, and Type A personality

How does alcohol myopia affect aggression?

Narrows attention to provocative cues in the environment.

Define dehumanisation.

Thinking of someone as anonymous with no feelings or emotions, denies pain suffered by the victim.

List some inputs that lead to appraisal in the General Aggression Model.

Personal Traits, provocation, violent media, alcohol

What is the Social Learning Theory (related to Aggression)?

Behavior is learned from models by direct or vicarious experience.

How may collectivist cultures affect aggression?

Collectivist cultures may be more aggressive to out groups.

What is the agentic state as described by Stanley Milgram?

Unquestioning obedience in which personal responsibility is transferred to the person giving orders

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Getting a person to agree to a small request, increasing likelihood they will agree to a later request.

What are some factors that influence obedience?

Immediacy of the victim, immediacy of authority figure, presence of peers

What is the convergence effect?

Peoples individual judgements converge towards a group average when faced with ambiguous situations (need to be correct)

What is a normative influence?

Conforming to the positive expectation of others to gain approval or avoid disapproval

What is referent informational influence?

People conform to the behavior and beliefs of a group because it aligns with their identity

List 3 social influence modalities

1. Conformity 2. Normalisation= 3. Innovation

Give a condition in the Genetic Model of Minority Influence

Consistency across time and context, showing investment, and autonomy

What are the main differences between minority/majority influence in conversion theory?

Majority influence is based on normative/informational pressure, uses comparison, leads to public compliance, Minority Influence= creates cognitive conflict, uses validation, leads to private internalisation

What is The Barnum Effect?

The tendency for people to accept vague, general personality descriptions as uniquely accurate even if the descriptions could apply to anyone

What is the idiographic approach in studying personality?

Understanding uniqueness of individuals with qualitative methods.

What is the nomothetic approach in studying personality?

General laws or traits applying to many people with quantitative methods

What are the levels of consciousness according to Freud?

Conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind

Explain the role of dreams according to Freud.

Dreams are a direct route into a person’s unconscious

What are the 3 biological drives identified by Freud?

Sexual drives to reproduce (libido), life-preserving drives, and death instinct (Thanatos).

According to Freud, what is the structure of personality?

The ID, EGO, SUPEREGO is in constant conflict

During which of Freud's psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex occur

The Phallic Stage (3-5 years)

What is reaction formation?

Behaving in the opposite way to how you feel

What test did Hermann Rorschach create and what is it?

Projective personality test using 10 inkblot cards

Who founded Analytical Psychology

Carl Jung

According to Carl Jung, what is psyche energy?

Opposing forces such as love vs hate generate psychic energy which is what motivates human behaviour

Define Archetype.

Fundamental elements of the collective unconscious e.g God

List Carl Jung's functions to how people perceive and judge the world

Sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuitive

Why was the MBTI developed?

Self-report questionnaire designed to reveal psychological preferences in perceiving the world and making decisions, inspired by Carl Jung

List two criticisms of using MBTI

Poor reliability, low validity, oversimplifies personality traits

What are the two assumption underlie trait theory?:

Traits are relatively stable over time and show stability across situations

What are the three somatotypes according to William Sheldon?

Endomorphy, Mesomorph, Ectomorph, each associated with a particular temperament