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"Instrumental conditioning" is also known as ____________________________.
operant conditioning
Which type of learning occurs when we watch the actions of others and note the reinforcements they receive for their behaviours?
observational learning
Which of the following is NOT related to the measurement of consumer memory of marketing messages?
nostalgia
Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning occurs even when we are not trying. For example, consumers recognize brand names and can hum product jingles for product categories that they may not even use. This type of learning is referred to as____________.
incidental learning
Because of the danger of _________, a _________ strategy may not be as effective for products that are frequently encountered, since there is no guarantee they will be consistently accompanied by the conditioning stimulus.
extinction, conditioned stimulus
You have engaged a mystery shopping service to evaluate the service attitudes of the sales clerks working in your Montreal store. Everyone has been alerted about the mystery shopper(s), but they don't know when this will occur or how long the mystery "visits" will last. Which of the following reinforcement schedules would most likely apply in this situation?
variable-interval reinforcement
On her way to visit a friend in Drummondville, Sherry witnessed a car accident. She ran to the site in an attempt to help the passengers but unfortunately there was nothing she could do. The car was completely demolished. Since then, every time Sherry takes the drive to visit her friend, she remembers the accident. This is an example of what type of memory?
episodic memory
What is the distinction between "negative reinforcement" and "punishment" in instrumental conditioning?
Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative outcome is avoided, while punishment is a negative outcome, which results because of behaviour.
A drug store's private brand of shampoo might be deliberately packaged in a bottle that resembles a name brand (e.g., Pantene) in that hope that the consumer assumes this "me-too" product has the same characteristics as the name brand and buys it because of its lower price. This is an example of ___________.
stimulus generalization
A stimulus that is naturally capable of causing a response is known as a(n)_________________.
unconditioned stimulus
