Plants Chapter 3: Roots and Soil Lecture Notes

function of roots

anchor to soil - necessary to access water, nutrients, and minerals

roots absorb as much water as possible due to…

low concentration of nutrients

tap root

grows down until water table is reached

fibrous root

grow everywhere as much as possible

prop roots

roots grow out of stems for better balance

adventitous roots

roots grow out of shoot

a dicots embryo’s radicle grows and develops into…

first root

dicot radicle grows into a ___root

tap

dicot cotyledon is an _______ leaf, stays away from soil due to….

embryonic, pathogen, dampness, or bug

a dicot cotyledon functions as a…

storage unit

dicot root system

mostly taproot

monocot radicle

makes a fibrous root system, captures all soil around it to maximize water and nutrient uptake

fibrous roots require ___water amount to prevent…

low, killing off

bamboo roots start as fibrous but later become…

adventitous

mangroves have ______ roots

prop/stem

apical meristem

produces any new cell the plant needs

apical meristem allows the roots to _____ by sending a __________

turn, hormone signals

rootcap is _____ sensing

gravity

the root cap prevents _____ while growing _______

damage, downward

root tip is made of _________ cells

parenchyma

root cap crystals are ______sensing

gravity

apical meristem is _______ dividing

constantly

differentiates between parasite or symbionant communication through…

chemical signals

region of cell division

composed of apical meristem in center of root tip

root hairs allow volume to ______ and surface area to _______

reduce, increase

protoderm

gives rise to epidermis

epidermis is the _____ of root

outside

ground meristem

cortex and pith, occurs in every part of plant

procambium

xylem and pholem

region of elongation

cells become several times their original length, vacuoles merge

region of maturation

cells differentiate into cell types

root hairs are __ cell thick

1

every cell needs a ____

role

epidermal cell extensions have a ______

thin cuticle

cortex

ground tissue turns into parenchyema cells between epidermis and vascular cylinder

parenchyema cells

nutrient and water storage

epidermis is ____protection

outer

endodermis is _____protection

inner

epidermis, cortex, and endodermis all….

filter out anything not meant to be in the cell

casparian strip location

inside endodermis

casparian strip functions as a wax…

filter

pericycle is the _______ of defense

last line

pericycle can ________ and become anything

meristematic

xylem is an __ shape in dicots

x

the water being in the center of the stem prevents….

water loss or freezing during extreme conditions

xylem has ____ cells that are _____ at maturity

large, dead

the xylem _____ control water flow on its own

cannot

is the pholem alive or dead?

middle

pholem has ____ cells

small

pholem has ____ while xylem has _____

sugar, water

the pholem influences ________ flow

sugar/water

endodermis cell walls have _______ on the _______ walls

lignin and suberin, radial and transverse

casparian strip forces water and nutrients to…

pass through endodermis

the endodermis controls ________ and filters ______

concentration gradients, pathogens

passage cells

where water, nutrients, etc. can travel through, filled with water

the root hair is part of the _______

epidermis

pathway of water

soil → root hair → cortex → endodermis/Casparian strip→ pericycle → vascular cylinder

casparian strip forces pathogens from the ______ to the ________ pathway

apoplastic, symplastic

what does the cortex store?

food, water, and nutrients

vascular system is the _____ tissue of the endodermis

core

pericycle grows ________

lateral roots

lateral roots push what out of the way to grow? what is continuous because of this?

endodermis, cortex, and epidermis.

the xylem is ____ at maturity

dead

primary xylem

meristematic and alive

secondary xylem

mature and dead

primary phloem

completely alive

secondary phloem

mature, half alive/half dead

endodermis and pericycle are __cell thick

1

determinate growth

growth that stops after the structure is fully expanded/matured

determinate growth is pre-determined by…

genes, resources are balanced

indeterminate growth

new tissues are added indefinitely, season after season

bush tomatoes are an example of _____growth

determinate

vine tomatoes are an example of ______growth

indeterminate

propagative roots definition

roots that develop into shoots, suckers

why are suckers not beneficial

take nutrients away from main tree

food storage roots

carbohydrates as starches

water storage roots are most useful in ____ regions

arid

pneumatophores

plants and roots that grow in/around water, soil is flooded

pneumatophores have_____roots and survive by…

spongy, gas exchange between atmosphere and subsurface roots

leaves are responsible for…

gas exchange and photosynthesis

pneumatophores lateral system definition

some roots can come above ground to improve gas exchange

pneumatophores lateral systems are good for…

fish nurseries and protect the shoreline