Intro. to Communication Disorders Test 2

What does the term 'alphabet' derive from?

The Greek 1st letter 'alpha' and the 2nd letter 'beta'.

What is the IPA?

The International Phonetic Alphabet, a set of phonetic symbols representing most sounds.

What is a key characteristic of all vowels?

All vowels are voiced and require complete vocal fold contact for production.

How are vowels produced?

Vowels are produced by the shape changes of the oral cavity, with more open mouth positions.

What is a diphthong?

A combination of two vowels.

What are consonants produced by?

Constricting the oral cavity.

What are stops in speech sound production?

Sounds produced by stopping airflow, creating quick bursts of air (e.g., /p, b, t, d, k, g/).

What are fricatives?

Sounds produced by constricted airflow through the oral cavity (e.g., /f, v, th, sh, z/).

What are affricates?

Sounds that are a combination of stops and fricatives (e.g., /ch, j/).

What are glides in speech sounds?

Sounds produced by gradually changing the shape of the mouth (e.g., /w, y/).

What are liquids in speech sound production?

Sounds with the least restriction, considered semi-vowels (e.g., /l, r/).

What are nasals?

Sounds produced with the velopharyngeal port open, allowing air to escape through the nose (e.g., /m, n, ng/).

What is the definition of distinctive features in phonetics?

A phonetic property that helps differentiate one sound from another.

What is an idiopathic speech sound disorder?

A disorder with no known cause or organic difficulty noted.

What does substitution mean in speech sound disorders?

Saying one sound for another.

What are distortions in speech sound production?

A 'slushy' type production of a sound, often with air escaping laterally.

What is a lisp?

Inserting the tongue between the teeth to produce /s, z/ sounds.

What is final consonant deletion?

A phonological pattern where the final consonant of a word is omitted (e.g., 'ca' for 'cat').

What is the purpose of a case history interview in speech assessment?

To review past medical history, parent concerns, and developmental milestones.

What is the role of the Oral Motor Examination in speech assessment?

To evaluate the physical ability to produce speech sounds.

What is SALT in language sample analysis?

Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts, a method for analyzing language samples.

What is the first milestone in speech development?

Cooing by 2 months.

What is the significance of babbling in speech development?

It typically occurs by 6-7 months and is a precursor to speech.

What is the goal of treatment for speech sound disorders?

To select target sounds for therapy and develop appropriate stimulus materials.

What is the importance of positive reinforcement in speech therapy?

To encourage correct sound production and self-correction.

What is the Nativist theory of language learning?

The belief that children are born with an innate ability to learn speech and language, including the concept of a language acquisition device (LAD) proposed by Chomsky.

What does the Behavioral theory of language learning emphasize?

It emphasizes that language and speech are learned through environmental exposure and social reinforcement, based on operant conditioning.

What are preverbal behaviors in early language learning?

Behaviors that precede words and phrases, such as crying, cooing, and babbling, typically observed from 2 to 4 months of age.

When do children typically say their first word?

Around 12 months of age.

What language development occurs between 18 to 24 months?

Children begin putting two words together and forming basic morphemes, including plurals and past tenses.

What is pragmatics in language development?

The development of socially appropriate utterances and interactions, including basic conversation skills like turn-taking and topic maintenance.

What are some milestones in early language learning?

Key milestones include: 0-1 month, 2-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-9 months, 10-12 months, 16-22 months, 2-2.6 years, and 3-3.6 years.

What characterizes limited language skills in children?

Also known as language delay or disorder, it includes difficulties in understanding spoken language, poor listening skills, and limited expressive language.

What is specific language impairment?

A language disorder in children who are developing normally in all other areas, free from gross organic or neurological impairments.

What are common characteristics of children with language disorders?

Limited understanding of spoken language, poor listening skills, limited vocabulary, and difficulties in producing morphologic elements and sentence structures.

What are semantic language disorders?

Disorders characterized by slow vocabulary growth and difficulty understanding word meanings.

What defines morphological language disorders?

Children may omit morphological features like plurals, past tense, and articles in their speech.

What are syntactical language disorders?

Disorders that involve difficulties in sentence construction, resulting in short or incomplete sentences and mistakes in word order.

What are pragmatic language disorders?

Disorders where children may acquire language structures but cannot use them appropriately in social situations, leading to poor discourse skills.

What genetic factors may contribute to language disorders?

Language disorders may run in families, occur in twins, or be passed down from parents.

What are some clinical conditions associated with language disorders?

Conditions include hearing loss, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, and environmental factors like social isolation.

What is the first step in assessing language disorders?

A screening may be performed to determine if a full assessment is needed.

What is involved in a language assessment?

It includes case history review, parent interviews, oral motor examinations, hearing screenings, and conversational speech samples.

What is the goal of language treatment?

To address areas of need based on testing results, using engaging activities and providing appropriate models and cues.

What should be considered in the treatment of language disorders?

Activities should be interesting and encourage carryover into daily environments, along with family training and self-monitoring.

What is code-switching in language development?

The ability to switch between different language styles or dialects depending on the social context.

How does language development continue into adolescence?

Skills such as understanding sarcasm, using a vast vocabulary, and engaging in complex conversations continue to develop.

What is the significance of narration and storytelling in older children?

They begin to organize narratives better, accurately describe characters' emotions, and produce cohesive and longer sentences.

What are the expected outcomes of language development in older children?

Increased complexity in sentences, understanding of abstract language forms, and improved conversational skills.

What is the definition of stuttering?

A disorder of fluency characterized by excessive amounts/duration of dysfluency, tension, struggle, or related behaviors.

What percentage of the population stutters?

Approximately 1% or 80 million people.

What is the typical recovery rate for children who stutter?

About 80% of children who stutter will recover on their own within 6 months.

What are secondary characteristics of stuttering?

Increased muscular effort in speaking, facial grimaces, and hand/foot movements that lead to negative feelings toward speaking.

What are filled pauses in speech?

Using filler words such as 'uh' or 'um'.

What is sound prolongation?

Extending sounds in speech, such as saying 'Wwwwwwwwait for mmmmme.'

What are sound blocks?

A complete stop in the flow of speech where no sound comes out despite attempts to speak.

What are typical dysfluencies?

Common interruptions in speech that occur during language development, including interjections, revisions, and repetitions.

What is the most common position for stuttering to occur?

Stuttering is more likely to occur at the initial position of syllables or words.

Which consonants are most commonly stuttered?

The most common consonants are /t, k, g, p, b, s, l, z/.

What is the Diagnosogenic Theory of stuttering?

Proposed by Wendell Johnson, it suggests that stuttering develops when caregivers react negatively to a child's normal dysfluencies.

What is cluttering?

A fluency disorder affecting speech rate and rhythm, causing disorganized, rapid, or unclear speaking.

What are some characteristics of cluttering?

Includes syllable deletion, collapsing words, mushy sounding words, and unusual pauses.

What is the role of environmental factors in stuttering?

Stress and life changes can increase dysfluency, and negative listener reactions can lead to anxiety for the stutterer.

What is the purpose of a stuttering severity index?

To measure the severity of stuttering and assess its impact on communication.

What types of evaluations are used for assessing fluency and stuttering?

Includes case history interviews, oral motor exams, hearing screenings, and conversational speech-language samples.

What are some treatment strategies for stuttering?

Includes speech modification strategies, stuttering modification strategies, and counseling as a therapy strategy.

What is the impact of negative emotions on stuttering?

Negative emotions can lead to avoidance behaviors and worsen the struggle with speech.

What is the significance of the initial words in an utterance for stutterers?

The first few words of an utterance are most likely to be stuttered compared to the last few words.

What is the impact of word frequency on stuttering?

More commonly used words are stuttered less than less frequently used words.

What is the role of auditory processing in stuttering?

Specific impairments in auditory processing can significantly impact speech fluency.

What are some motor behaviors associated with dysfluencies?

Includes face movements, blinking, wrinkling the forehead, and excessive movements of hands and feet.

What is the relationship between stress and stuttering?

Stress can worsen stuttering by affecting brain regions involved in language and emotion.

What is circumlocution in the context of stuttering?

Talking around the subject to get to the point of speaking.

What are some common types of dysfluencies?

Includes word repetitions, phrase repetitions, and hesitations.

What is the significance of the duration of dysfluencies?

Dysfluencies lasting 1 second or longer are considered problematic.

What is the importance of monitoring children who stutter?

Children who do not self-recover may need evaluation and/or treatment.

What is the impact of negative listener reactions on stutterers?

Can lead to increased anxiety and psychological distress for the stutterer.