crime seneca

Weber-instrumentally rational

achieve a goal in the most effective manor

Value rational

perusing a goal based on desirability

Traditional action

occur through custom or routine

Affective action

based on feelings and emotions no rational reason

Mead

individuals shape their identities based on the labels other people attach to them

lea and young

racism leads to the economic exclusion of minorities

People interact with each other through symbols

e.g. words and facial expressions

Social actors experience an ‘i and me’ moment

where they present their ‘me’ to the outside world, that is altered to fit their social surroundings

Goffman-dramaturgical model

our lives are a theatrical performance, our social self is an act and therefore a false representation of ourselves that is designed to appeal to that particular social audience ‘impression management’

Becker

sociologists should be value committed and take the side of the underdog in society to bring about social change

Walters

twice as many people die from air pollution compared to 20 years ago

Lyotard

no monopoly on truth

weber

value relevance- be objective in how they carry out research but understands that topic selection is subjective

Plummer

our personal beliefs can never be removed from our conscience often drawn to topics because we are interested in them

Gouldner

research is for the career progression of the sociologist

Cooley-‘looking glass self’

individuals form their own view of themselves essentially internalising the beliefs that their social audience places upon them ‘self concept’

Durkheim

boundary maintenance/warning device/safety valve

Merton

conformists/innovators/ritualists/retreatists/rebels

Cohen

working class boys feel strain leading to ‘status frustrition’ creates an ‘alternative status hiercahy’

Cloward and ohlin

criminal, conflict, retreatist subcultures

Box

ideological law making

Chambliss

selective law enforcement

Pearce

caring face of capitalism

Becker

argues that the role of moral entrepreneurs is significant in our reaction to particular acts.

Cicourel

claimed that police officers and judges use typifications or stereotypes to judge an offender.

If the offender fits their expectations of a typical criminal

they are more likely to arrest them.

Lemert

studied the difference between what he calls  ‘primary’ and  ‘secondary’ deviance

Braithwaite

suggests that labelling can be used to reintegrate offenders, rather than marginalise them.

Herrnstein and murray (right realists)

the main cause of crime is low intelligence (biological difefreces)

Murray (right realists)

there is ‘underclass’ of immoral and culturally deprived people have emerged due to a generous welfare state (cultural deprivation)

Clarke (right realist)

crime occurs when an offender sees an opportunity to commit crime when a rewards are greater than the risks (rational choice theory)

Young (left realists)

the working class are likely to feel relatively deprived when comparing their life chances to the middle class (relative deprovation)

Lea and young (left realists)

people are unable to improve their situation through conventional means due to marginalisation so turn to violence (marginalisation)

Lea and young (left realists)

subcultures are a response to lacking the means to achieve the cultural goals of society

Heidensohn (feminism)

the study of criminology is malestream as male theorists dominate the discipline and are obsessed with male crime due to its violent and exciting nature

Katz (postmodernism)

crimes are committed out of boredom and criminals are seeking thrills

Katz (postmodernism)

the main reason why men commit crime in a postmodern world is because traditional means of achieving masculinity are no longer available, men have a lack of status and clarity in regards to their identity

Lord macpherson

‘‘institutional racism’ police failed to follow up on leads in the stephen lawrence case

Holdaway

‘canteen culture’ in police force held prejudicial thoughts about members of the african and caribbean community and told derogatory jokes

Moynihan (right realist)

the main cause behind ethnic minority crime is poor socialisation caused by ineffective family structures

2021 census

51% of black and caribbean families were lone parents

Hall (neo marxist)

the ruling class use racism as a tool to divide the proletariat and prevent a revolution ‘divide and rule’

marxism

capitalism is criminogenic its very nature causes crime

Hall (neo marxist)

the bourgeoisie have used moral panics about minority groups e.g. 1970’s portrayal of the ‘black mugger’ demonised them in the eyes of the public

Pollack

‘chivalry thesis’ criminal justice more lenient to women due to gender role socialisation

Heidensohn

criminal justice system treats women very poorly when investigating cases of sexual assault or domestic abuse

Parsons

‘sex role theory’ women are less likely to be criminals due to their genetic characteristics; women in their role as the ‘expressive leader’ have more to lose

Heidensohn

women are more likely to conform to society’s norms due to ‘patriarchal control’; women do not have the same opportunities to commit crime

Adler

‘liberation thesis’ as female progression evolves so will the opportunities for women to commit crime

Messerschmidt

men’s masculinity is characterised by being paid for employment, the subordination of women, heterosexuality, being sexually active

Katz

men commit crime to feel a thrill e.g. shoplifting provides ‘sneak thrills’ as it is a low-level crime

Castells

there is a global criminal economy worth $1 trillion a year so there is globalised crime e.g. arms trafficking

Beck

‘global risk consciousness’ globalisation promotes insecurity as it leads to changes globally

Taylor (neo-marxist)

globalisation has led to an increase in crime due to the inequality of capitalism and corporations using globalisation to their advantage

Wall

cyber crimes e.g. cyber trespass, cyber deception and theft, cyber pornography and cyber violence

Hobbs and dunningham

‘glocal crime’ due to technological advancements such as the internet individuals have access to others that will assist their criminal activity

Cohen and young

news is socially constructed so not a reliable source when shaping our views on crime as they utilise news values e.g. immediacy, dramatisation, personalisation, high status victims or offenders, simplification and novelty

Cohen

mods and rockers

South

primary and secondary green crime

White

anthropocentric world view

Green and ward

state crime

Mclaughlin

the scale of state crime is huge due to the power that governments hold

Adorno

authoritarian personality

Foucault

surveillance is a tool of social control to manage our behaviour illustrated through ‘panopticon’ theory

Felson

situational crime prevention and ‘designing crime out’ e.g. bus terminal in new york

Chaiken et al

situational crime prevention simply moves crime elsewhere

Wilson and keiling

‘broken windows theory’

Schweinwart

‘perry preschool project’

Durkheim

punishment is expressive as it heals the wounds of the public while also promoting the value consensus

Garland

prisons are used by politicians to prove to the electorate that they are tough on crime so they gain popularity and win elections

Hans von heting (positivist victimologist)

13 characteristics that make someone more likely to be a victim of crime e.g. young, old, minorities

Wolfgang

victim precipitation

Mawby and walklate

‘structural powerlessness’

Tombs and whyte

employers manipulate safety crimes, blame workers ‘hierarchy of victimisation’

Arrests

in 2021/22, men accounted for 85% of arrests, while women made up 15% (uk gov)

Prosecutions

in 2021, 79% of individuals prosecuted were male, and 21% were female (uk gov)

Sexual offences

men committed 98% of sexual offences (uk gov 2021)

Violence against the person

men were responsible for 82% of these offences (uk gov 2021)

Drug offences

men accounted for 92% of drug offences (uk gov 2021)