psych exam 3

In Europe and North America, between 1880 and 1920, historians and psychologists have found that a profound shift occurred in how everyday people think, experience, and talk about themselves. This change was brought by? 

the effect of the Industrial Revolution
(starting in Manchester, England, with the first factories in 1760) on traditional ways of life that had existed in human culture for tens of
thousands of years.

By the 1880s multiple generations of humans had experienced social dislocation from rural to urban areas. What effects did this have?

Broke up familial, societal and religious bonds that had anchored their lives. alienation/isolation changed the way they subjectively experienced their sense of self.

When people lived in small, rural and often isolated communities, “traditional society” (as historians call it) in Europe and North
America was governed by what?

“culture of character.” People were judged by how well they conformed to the secular norms and morals of their family, community, and religion. was necessary for group survival bc there was no modern technology, no scientific medicine. obedience to authority and standards was valued over personal feelings and self-expression. The “individual” HAD to sacrifice individuality for the survival of others.

Due to relocation to urban centers and living and working among masses of total strangers, living in a surveillance culture of character, what began to disappear?

the traditional way

Between 1880 and 1920 the subjective experience of individual life changed. Individuals had to turn inward to?

to find a new way to build and experience their sense of self.

Historians have found that, in American publications, what word began to be used more frequently than “character” starting in 1905?

personality

there are many non-Western European societies that are what? what society do they hold onto? they have remained geographically stable, ethnically, culturally and religiously cohesive, and value the subordination of what we would call the
individual “ego” or “self” to a “we” self of family, society, nation (China, Japan)

collectivist. traditional society.

Why is the success in surviving a national threat such as this pandemic will be higher in East Asian cultures than in the US?

bc they are traditional and non religious. many religions are in conflict w modern science. beliefs and attitudes effect behavior 

What qualities make it harder for americans to survive?

The US has a stronger and larger anti-science population than all other modern industrialized countries. And our culture of extreme individualism, local governance vs. Federal governance, tolerance of economic inequalities and lack of access of medical care for the entire population have historical origins that underly American values and societal structures that are obstacles to responding to a national crisis such as the current pandemic

what emerged in Europe and (late) North America in the 1880 to 1920 period
is only one historical component that contributes to the extreme individualism in Americans that has
been an obstacle to a united national response in the US to the current pandemic.

the culture of personality

who proposed that “personality,” as a concept for self- understanding and self-reference already widespread among
everyday people, could be studied using scientific and statistical
methods.

In the US in the 1920s, Gordon Allport of Harvard University and later
psychologists

Psychology defines “personality” as

the enduring patterns of thinking,
feeling, behaving that are consistent across a lifetime and across changing social situations

with Allport, personality is viewed as being comprised of a set
of BLANK assessed along a dimension or continuum from high to low

traits 

Traits do not “exist” in a real, material sense, but are

conceptual tools

Personality traits are assessed through patterns of responses to items
on ratings scales and personality tests called

inventories

Personality traits are statistical properties of groups, not 

individuals 

Personality traits are

descriptive not casual

borrowing a technique from 1800s england, Out of more than 400,000 words in the dictionary, Allport and
colleagues identified 17, 953 discriptive thinking and feeling words and grouped them into 4 columns,” which were the prototypes of the idea of

factor analysis

This lexical hypothesis is the assumption behind what model of personality traits

five factor model

The initial model of 5 factors was proposed by? Three other sets of researchers later came up with 5 personality factors by
the late 1970s, but named and defined them slightly differently.

Ernest Tupes and
Raymond Christal in 1961.

(Goldberg; Cattell; Costa and McRae)

what are the five traits? 

openness, contentiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. low score is opposite of trait and high score is that trait and more 

what cure did frued create and why?

a talking cure for women with hysteria

• From these experiences Freud developed both a set of
psychotherapeutic techniques and a theoretical view of human nature
that he called

psychoanalysis

what are the 3 major themes in freuds work 

sexuality memory and interpretation 

Freud argued that there was a conscious mind and an unconscious mind. They
operated according to different rules and were in constant conflict. The unconscious mind was irrational, rooted in biology and was based on sexual and aggressive drives that constantly seek satisfaction. what principles are these

the pleasure principle, the reality principle

The conscious mind struggled for control of the body by repressing
unacceptable material (memories, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature)
into the unconscious. The “mental mechanisms” used by the conscious mind
to do this were called

defense mechanism. Repression and projection are the two most primitive ones, but there was a hierarchy of others, with
the most sophisticated called “sublimination.”

what played a key role in Freud’s view. ir was a signal that the defenses protecting the conscious mind were weakening and that material
from the unconscious mind would erupt into it, perhaps flooding the
conscious mind with unacceptable sexual and aggressive memories,
impulses, images, etc.

anxiety 

Freud downplayed the role of biological causes (heredity, biochemistry, etc.) of mental disorders (neurosis, character disorders, psychosis). All mental
disorders were caused by internal, unconscious conflicts that had to be made conscious via treatment (psychoanalysis). This type of theory of the cause (etiology) of mental disorders is called

psychogenic

Most theories of the causes of mental disorders were balnk or blank in
Freud’s era

organic or somatogenic

The techniques of analysis, including dream interpretation, were used to make?  Psychoanalysis assumed it could “recover” memories from the
first 5 years of life, including memories from infancy, and that if these were made conscious it
would have a beneficial effect on the patient

the contents of
the unconscious mind conscious

were the terms ego (for the conscious mind), id (for the unconscious mind) and superego (a moralizing
structure or “conscience” that developed around age 5) used by freud

were not. Freud called these mental
structures the “I,” the “It,” and the “Over-I” in German.

used to refer to the biological foundation of
personality (general patterns of attention, arousal and mood) already
present at birth before a newborn baby has much in the way of
environmental or social influences.

temperament

field of study that attempts to estimate the
proportion of genetic influence on personality traits, mental disorders, etc.

behavorial genetics 

In the Five Factor Model, the trait of what have the best evidence for being biologically (genetically) based. But only in
part

Extraversion and Neuroticism

Study of how individuals think and behave in social situations

social psychology

Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions

social role 

Trying to occupy two or more roles that make conflicting demands on behavior

role conflict

the network of roles, communication pathways, and
power in a group

group structure

The degree of attraction among group members
or their commitment to remaining in the group

group cohesiveness 

a group with which a person identifies

in group

group a person does not identify with

out group

The degree of prestige, admiration and respect accorded
to a member of a group

social status 

The degree to which a group member can control, alter
or influence the behavior of another group member

social power

The process of thinking about ourselves and others
in a social context

social cognition

Making judgments about ourselves through
comparison with others

social comparison 

Comparing yourself with a person who
ranks lower than you on some dimension

downward comparison

Comparing yourself with a person who ranks
higher than you on some dimension

upward comparison

assigning cause to a behavior 

attribution 

person’s behavior is causally interpreted as
being due to something within the person ( e.g., personality traits, past
experience, they’re “evil” or “good,” they are mentally disordered, etc.

internal attributions

Causes of a person’s behavior lie outside the person (e.g., responding to environmental or social forces, peer
pressure, etc.)

external attributions

we are very sensitive to the pressures
to behave in certain ways in particular settings and social
situations

situational demands 

self handicapping

Arranging to perform under
conditions that usually impair performance, so as to
have an excuse for performing badly

Our tendency to
attribute behavior of others to internal causes while
ignoring situational influences

fundamental attribution error

Our tendency to attribute our
own behavior to external causes (situations and
circumstances)

actor observer bias 

A positive, neutral or negative judgment about persons,
objects, events or issues

attitude

An interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views

open ended interview

A rating of the degree to which a person would be
willing to have contact with a member of another group

social distance scale 

A collections of attitudinal statements for which respondents
indicate agreement or disagreement. These tend to me issue-oriented

attitude scale

any group that an
individual uses as a standard for social comparison

reference group 

the deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs
• A three-component process:
SOURCE ---- MESSAGE ---- TARGET AUDIENCE

persuasion

an unpleasant internal state (mental/emotional) caused
by a conflict between
(1) An attitude and a behavior
(2) An attitude and external reality

cognitive dissonance

How to eliminate cognitive
dissonance

Change the attitude
• Change the behavior
• Minimize the importance of the imbalance
between what you believe and what you do
• Blame others (in extreme cases, blame the
victim)

changes in a person’s behavior caused by the
presence or actions of others

social influence

The tendency of people to change their behavior just because of the presence of other people

mere presence

tendency to perform better while in the presence of others 

social facilitation 

exerting less effort when performing a specific task within a group rather than when alone (letting others do all the work
while you “loaf” and get credit even though you did nothing)

social loafing