Chapter 13: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

AP WORLD

Who is Xuanzang?

A monk who traveled to India to acquire Buddhist texts and translated them

Who is Yang Jian?

Ruler in Northern china who founded the Sui Dynasty and unified China in the 6th century.

When did Yang Jian start to rise in power?

When a Turkish ruler appointed him duke of Sui in Northern China

After Yang Jian sent military expeditions to central asia and southern china what happened?

He expanded the territory of the Sui Dynasty and strengthened its control to the entirety of China.

What did the sui dynasty put an emphasis on?

A strong centralized government

What did the sui dynasty do after establishing a centralized government?

Dispatched military forces to central asia and korea, levied taxes and demanded labor services

What is the grand canal?

the world’s largest waterworks projects before modern times It was built to facilitate trade and transport in China, connecting the Yellow River and Yangtze River.

^{Who is Sui Yangdi?}

The second emperor of the Sui Dynasty, known for his administrative reforms and the completion of the Grand Canal.

How long did the grand canal extend?

2000km (1240m) with roads running parallel to the waterway on either side

What was the effect of the grand canal?

Intergrated the economies of Northern and southern china, establishing an economic foundation for political and cultural unity, served as a conduit for internal trade

What led to the fall of the Sui dynasty?

The sui dynasty depended on high taxes and forced labor generated hostility towards their rule. Military reverses in Korea prompted discontented subjects to revolt against the Sui rule this led to rebellions and the collapse of the dynasty in 618 CE.

What officialized the fall of the sui dynasty?

The assassination of Sui yangdi

Who is the founder of Tang Dynasty?

A rebel leader who seized chang’an and proclaimed himself emperor of a dynasty that he named Tang

What were the Tang rulers responsible for?

Organizing the Tang dynasty into a powerful, productive, and prosperous society

Who was the most successful Tang ruler?

Tang Taizong

How did Tang Taizong rise to power?

He assassinated his 2 brothers and pushed his father aside

What was Chang’an during the Tang Dynasty?

The capital

Why was Tang Dynasty especially stable during Tang Taizong’s rule?

low taxes. low price on rice, banditry ended during his reign, and a high sense of duty allowing him to provide an effective and stable government.

Success of Early Tang Dynasty?

Well articulated transportation and communication, equal field system and reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit

What is confucianism?

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing morality, family loyalty, respect for elders, and proper social relationships.

What is the Equal Field System?

An agricultural system implemented during the Tang Dynasty that allocated land to individuals based on n

20% of land was hereditary and another 80% was distributed based off a formula

Why were the Tang Dynasty able to maintain fast communication?

They maintained an extensive communications network based on roads, horses and sometimes human runners. They also provided inns, postal stations and stables which allowed for rest and fast transport/communication

What led to the fall of the Equal Field System?

The fall of the Equal Field System was primarily due to increasing population pressure, corruption in land distribution, and the inability to maintain equitable land allocation, leading to social unrest among peasantry.

What is the Bureaucracy of Merit?

A system established during the Tang Dynasty that selected government officials based on their talents and examination performance, promoting efficiency and reducing corruption in governance.

Where did the Tang Military Expand into?

Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Manchuria

After the Tang Dynasty expanded into Vietnam, Korea, Tibet and Manchuria what did they do?

Conquer and establish tributary relationships

What is a tributary relationship?

A political relationship where one state recognizes the dominance of another and pays tribute, often for protection or trade benefits.

Why was the tributary relationship so important for the Tang Dynasty?

The tributary relationship was crucial for the Tang Dynasty as it secured economic advantages, facilitated trade, and ensured military alliances with surrounding states, reinforcing the dynasty's power and stability.

Who is An Lushan?

A soldier who mounted a rebellion and captured Chang’an and Luoyang, although it was short lived he severely weakened the dynasty.

Why did An Lushan lead the rebellion?

The emperor neglected the government and was more obsessed with music and his favorite concubine

Tang commanders brought in Nomadic Turkish people to end An Lushan’s rebellion, what did the nomadic Turkish people do in return?

They sacked Chang’an and Luoyang

What officially ended the Tang Dynasty?

The last emperor abdicated the throne

Which dynasty had emphasis on administration, industry, education and arts?

The Song Dynasty

Which Dynasty had emphasis on expansion and military?

The Tang Dynasty

Which Dynasty was responsible for the Grand Canal?

The Sui Dynasty

Who was Song Taizu?

First emperor of Song Dynasty

How did Song Taizu become emperor?

He was a former military leader that was made emperor by his troops

How was the Song Dynasty so generous?

expanded the bureaucracy based on merit which created more opportunities for individuals

Due to the Song’s administration what happened?

An even more centralized imperial government that the previous dynasty’s had

When the Song Dynasty expanded their bureaucracy based off merit what happened?

Heavy toll on the economy which led to increase in taxes resulting in 2 major rebellions

What was another Major problem for the Song Dynasty?

Weak military, this led to nomadic people flourishing along China’s border throughout the reign of the Song

Who were the Khitan?

Seminomadic people from Manchuria

Who demanded and received large tribute payments of silk and server from the Song Dynasty?

The Khitan

Who conquered the Khitan?

The Jurchen

What did the Jurchen do?

Conquer Khitan then overran china, capturing the Song Capital at Kaifeeng, then proclaimed the establishment of the Jin Empire this led to Song Dynasty moving it's Capital to Hangzhou

What was Hangzhou?

Capital for Song Dynasty

Why did the Song Dynasty move their capital and become known as Southern Song?

They got overran by Jurchen and could only survive in the South

How did the Song Dynasty fall?

Mongols ended the dynasty and incorporated China into their empire in 1279

Who was the economic powerhouse?

Song Dynasty

What did China gain when they ventured into Vietnam?

Fast ripening rice which produced 2 crops per year and expanded the supply of food and increased agricultural productivity throughout the region.

What were some new agricultural techniques the Chinese developed?

Increased use of heavy iron plow, harnessed oxen, water buffaloes. They also enriched the soill with manure and composted organic matter

They also organized extensive irrigation systems ex: reservoirs, dikes, dams and canals and pumps, waterwheels who were both powered by animals and humans, what did this make possible?

Extend cultivation to difficult terrain, including terraced mountainsides—a development that vastly expanded China’s agricultural potential

What did increased agricultural development result in?

Population increase

What was chang’an population?

20 million

Hangzhou population?

1 million+

Who was the most popular poet who wrote about light, pleasing verse celebrating life, friendship and wine?

Li Bai

Who was Wu Zhao?

A powerful female empress who ruled during the Tang Dynasty who quashed rebellions organized military campaigns and opened the imperial administration through civil service systems.

How would the chinese honor their ancestors?

The Chinese honor their ancestors through rituals and offerings, ensuring their spirits are remembered and respected in family traditions and ceremonies.

What was the purpose of foot binding in china?

Strengthen the patriarchy

In which places did chinese porcelain represent wealthiness and refined households?

Southeast Asia, india, Persia and port cities of East Africa

What did the chinese replace coal in the furnace for that led to superior metal grades?

Coke

During the Song Dynasty, how many arrowheads were the imperial armaments manufactures producing?

16.5 million arrowheads

How was gunpowder discovered by the chinese?

They were expirementing with concoctions that could prolong life

Gunpowder in the earlier days caused more confusion and sound than harm

True

What was the technique that carved a reverse image onto a wooden block then inked and pressed on top of a paper called?

Printing/block printing

Because of printing, what happened?

Possibility to produce texts faster and cheaper, leading to copies of buddhist texts, confcuian works, calandars, and agricultural treasities

Before Tang times where did the chinese travel?

Korea, japan, Ryuku, but relied on Persian , Arab. Indian and malay mariners for long distance maritime travel

Due to long distance travel from the chinese what innovation was produced?

Compass

What improvements were put onto the ships chinese seafarers used?

Iron nails, waterproofed oils, watertight bulkheads and driven by a canvas and bamboo sails, steered by rudders

Chinese Bueracracies played a huge role in the distribution of which crops?

Rice, wheat, millet

What happened due to trade growing rapidly?

Shortage of copper coins

What were letters of credits known as?

Flying Cash

What are promissery notes?

A pledge that the person will pay back the remaining money at a later date

Why was paper cash invented?

Shortage of coins —> alternate form of currency and ease of trade.

Having to do with money, why were riots led?

People were not honoring their printed notes

Why were the chinese unable to ban the use of cash?

It was already too heavily depended on

Why did the government forbid the use of money in private affairs and only limit it to the right of the state?

To preserve its convienience while forestalling public disorder

Which dynasty placed the issuance of printed money under tight fiscal controls?

Qing Dynasty

Musicians and dancers from where became popular entertainers during Tang Dynasty?

Persia

Travelers from Arab, Persia, India, and Malay did what to chinese port cities?

Established sizable merchant communiities

Who sacked Guangzhou?

Huang Chao

During the massacre in Guangzhou how many foreigners were killed/massacred?

120,000

Which items symbolized refined and elegant lifestyles?

Kingfisher feathers, tortoise shells, pearls, horses and melons

China’s economic surge during which dynasties promoted trade and economic growth throughout the eastern hemisphere?

Tang and Song

How was buddhism spread throughout china?

Merchants

What was the purpose and rationale of Confucianism?

Maintain public order and provide honest and effective government

When did confucianism start to decline

When warlords and nomads invaded

Where did a sizable buddhist community form?

Dunhuang

During which dynasty did the mongols conquer china?

Song dynasty

Why did buddhism attract so much attention?

High standards in morality, inellectual sophistication and the promise of salvation

Who introduced chairs and refined sugar in china?

Buddhist monks

What is Daoism?

A philosophical and religious tradition originating in China that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao, or the fundamental nature of the universe, often advocating simplicity and naturalness.

What is neo confucianism?

A philosophical reformulation of Confucianism developed during the Song Dynasty, incorporating elements of Buddhism and Daoism, emphasizing moral self-cultivation and social harmony.

Who popularized and came up with the idea of Neo Confucianism?

Zhu Xi

Why did tang emperors decide to close monasteries and the expulsion of other religions?

Desire to take more land

Which places did Chinese society influence the most?

Korea, Japan, Vietnam

What was the importance of the Silla Dynasty?

It prevented chinese domination in Korea and led to the unification of the Korean Peninsula.

How did china influence Korea?

China influenced Korea through cultural, political, and economic means, including the introduction of Confucianism, Buddhism, and centralized government structures.

What were the chinese and Vietnam relationships like?

very tense

How did China influence vietnam?

Chinese style education, confucian texts, administration techinques, irrigation ssytems, agricultural methods