UCSP - UNIT III SOCIALIZATION, VALUES, NORMS, STATUS, AND ROLES

Enculturation or socialization

- Is often defined as a lifelong process of experiencing, learning, imbibing, and transmitting culture

It is the process that shapes an individual's membership in his/her society Mirrors the letter's prevailing norms and values. Acquisition of cultural traits. Happens through learning. Defined as "the process whereby individuals learn their group's culture through experience, observation, and instruction”

Socialization

Paves the way for his/her assumption of various roles and statuses

Acquisition of knowledge, language, values, skills, and habits of society.

Status

Social position in a group or society (e.g., student, parent, teacher).

Ascribed social position received at birth.

Or through involuntary process

Ascribed status

Given at birth or involuntarily (e.g., age, ethnicity).

Achieved status

Earned through effort (e.g., doctor, athlete).

Values

Refers to a society's defined set of what is good and desirable

Norms

Refer to rules and expectations that guide the individual's behaviour in his/her society.

mores

• are norms that are widely observed and morally significant. go against the so-called social/societal “taboos”

Or practices which are considered immoral and/or unacceptable in a given society.

Folkway

refer to customs or beliefs common to members of a particular society.

Roles

Expected behaviors for a given status (e.g., a teacher teaches).

Agents of Socialization

People/institutions shaping values, beliefs, behaviors.

FAMILY

basic “unit” in any society.

Exerts the greatest influence on an individual's personality.

STATE

Through its management of both public and private matters(including family and relationships)

It controls or manages a great part of the education system in many parts of the globe.

EDUCATION SYSTEM

Develops the individuals’ knowledge, values, and skills.

PEER GROUP

Plays a major role in influencing individuals during adolescence.

MASS MEDIA

It constantly shapes and reshaping ever society's norms and values.

Conformity

"behavior that follows the usual standards that are expected by a group or society" (Cambridge Dictionary)

Compliance

Following rules to gain approval/avoid punishment.

IDENTIFICATION

Adopting behaviors to be like someone admired.

INTERNALIZATION

Accepting beliefs/behaviors as your own values.

Deviance

"a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law". William Graham Sumner

formal deviance

(violates existing laws)

informal deviance

violates norms which are not formally covered by laws

sexual deviance

seeking erotic gratification that is considered unacceptable in a society

Gender equality

Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for men and women. Men and women should both be involved in achieving equality. Still many issues: discrimination, violence, exclusion from opportunities.

Participation

Definition – Taking an active role in community life and decision-making. Importance – Lets people influence their future, ensures marginalized voices are heard.

Theory of Cognitive Development

can be very instructive in the process of understanding how culture is learned

explains why and how humans are capable of learning not only basic cognitive functions, but all aspects of culture

Theory of Psychosocial Development

provides a comprehensive view of of the process

an individual experiences a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved to reach a positive outcome for one's personality development

Freud's Model of the Human Personality

.assumes that much of mental life is unconscious. and that past experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person feels and behaves throughout life"

Id

basic human drives. desires. or instincts

Ego

operates through reason, mediator between id and superego.

a human's innate capability to govern his/her desires as to contribute positively (rather than clash) to society

Superego

morality based on society's demands/expectations.

mirrored by the values and norms present in society, constantly influencing its members