Madden Vu Chapter 2: cytology
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81 Terms
What does cytology mean?
It is the study of all cells.
What is the cell theory?
The cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself.
Who are the three scientists that came up with the cell theory?
Schleiden, Schwann,and Virchow
How are cells limited in size?
They need to split because if they are too big then they wont get nutrients fast enough and wont be able to get rid of waste, so they need to split.
What does pro- mean?
It means before.
What does karyo- mean?
It means nucleus.
What are fimbriae?
They are attachments on some prokaryotes.
What is the nucleoid?
It is the center of a prokaryote where all the DNA is but not enclosed by a membrane.
What does oid-mean?
It means to resemble.
What does eu-mean?
It means true.
How big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
Animal cells are arouf 10x bigger than bacteria.
what is a cell membrane?
It is the outside of the cell that encompasses the entire cell
What does the cell membrane act as?
It acts as a type of gateway for things to go in and out of.
What does semi-permeable mean?
It means that some things can pass and some are unable to.
Describe the phospholipid bi-layer
double layer off phospholipid molecules with embedded proteins.
What does phillia mean?
It means to like or love
What does phobic mean?
To hate/dislike
What are microvilli?
Projections that increase the surface area of a cell.
What is cytoplasm made of.
water and other macro molecules.
What happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell?
The cell becomes toxic.
What do all living things need to be surrounded by?
They all need to be surrounded by fluid.
What is the purpose of the phospholipid bi-layer?
It is meant to keep control the flow of the water letting it in and out and keeps out other molecules.
What are embedded proteins?
proteins on the surface of the phospholipid bi-layer that let other molecules into the cell.
What are ion channels?
Channels specific for sodium,chloride,calcium, and potassium.
What are transporter(carrier) proteins?
Specific for amino acids and sugars requires active energy.
What are enzymes?
They are catalysts for chemical reactions.
What are receptor sites?
Specific for hormones,neurotransmitters, and drugs.
What are recognition sites?
Sites that help WBC’s identify if things are foreign from your own cells.
What are side effects?
When certain drugs attach to unintended receptors.
What are 2 immunosuppressant drugs?
Corticosteroids and prednisone.
What is thalidomide?
A drug to suppress headaches for pregnant women.
What are the side effect of thalidomide?
It caused limbs of the baby to not grow.
What is the nucleus?
It is the part of the cell that contains the cells DNA
What is the nucleolus?
Stores RNA.
What is chromatin?
It is the DNA strands/ Dna uncoiled.
What are chromosomes?
It is DNA coiled up.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)?
It is a network of tubular canals.
What is the function of the ER?
to transport molecules.
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Its function is to manufacture and metabolize fats and steroids.
What is on the rough ER
Ribosomes.
What are ribosomes?
They are small bodies made of RNA that make protein.
What is the golgi complex?
A stack of membranous saccules.
What is the function of the golgi complex?
The function of the golgi complex is to store, package, and modify chemical substances in the ER.
What are vacuoles?
storage systems in the body.
What are vesicles?
Smaller than vacuoles but still act as storage.
What are lysosomes?
“Suicide bags” that are made to cause cell death through autolysis.
What do lysosomes contain?
They contain digestive enzymes.
Where are lysosomes made?
Formed inside the golgi complex
What is autolysis?
Kills cells infected with a virus.
What are mitochondria?
Organelles that work to do cellular respiration.
What is cellular respiration?
The process of turning nutrients into ATP(energy)
What are centrioles?
Small cylinders that are involved in the process of cell division.
Where do you find centrioles?
Only inside of animal cells.
What are the 2 organelles for motion?
the flagella and the cillia.
What is the flagella?
A whip like tail that consists of 9 paired sets of protein cylinders.
What are cillia?
Tiny motile hair organized like flagella.
where are the 2 common places cillia is found?
Airway of lungs in respiratory tracts and fallopian tubes(oviducts).
What is interphase?
It is the process before mitosis where a cell grows to prepare to divide.
What is the G1 phase of interphase?
Period of cell growth before the DNA is replicated.
What is the S phase of interphase?
It is the period when DNA is replicated.
What is the G2 phase of the interphase?
Period after DNA replication; cell prepared for division.
What are the four steps in mitotic phase?
prophase, metaphase,anaphase, and telophase.
What is prophase?
Coiled up to form into chromosomes and prepared to divide.
What is metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell.
What is anaphase?
Move apart to opposite ends of the cell.
What is telophase?
Separates into 2 full fulls with cytokinesis DNA uncoils and mitotic apparatus breaks-down.
What is cytokinesis?
Duplication of cytoplasm to help divide cells.
How often do skin cells, blood cells and cells lining the alimentary canal divide?
They continuously divide throughout life for the liver and kidney cells needed.
What is the alimentary canal?
Also known as the digestive tract and stretches from the mouth to the anus.
How often do liver and kidney cells divide?
They divide as needed.
How often do muscle and nerve cells divide?
They unable to divide without mitosis.
What does amitotic mean?
Does not divide without mitosis.
What are the 2 types of abnormal cell division?
Hyperplasia and neoplasm (tumor).
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in number cells.
What is a neoplasm?
build up of tumors.
What are malignant tumors?
They are tumors that are cancerous and come back even if surgically removed.
What is the end result of meiosis?
The end result is the replication of reproductive cells AKA gametes
Where does meiosis occur?
Occurs in reproductive organs(gonads).
What does karyokinesis mean?
The split of cells into 2 identical daughter cells.
What does soma mean?
It means body.
What is a karyotype?
It is a graph that shows all the alleles in the body.