Chapter 3: disease and treatment

Bacteria

microscopic organisms spread throughout the world, some can produce disease

cocci

round bacteria, may be in clusters, chains, and other formations

bacilli

rod-hsaped bacteria

vibrios

short curved rods: cholera, gastroenteritis

spirochetes

corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion. lyme, syphilis, vincent disease

chlamydia

extremely small with complex life cycles that grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics. conjunctivities, trachoma, PID, STIs

rickettsia

extremely small, grow in living cells, susceptible to antibiotics. typhus, rocky mountain spotted fever

viruses

submicroscopic infectious agents can live and reproduce only within living cells. colds, herpes, hepatitis, measles, varicella, influenza, AIDS

fungi

simple nongreen plants, some parasitic. Yeasts and molds. candidiasis, skin infections

protozoa

single-celled animals. dysentery, malaria

helminths

worms. roundworms, pinworms, hookworms

benign

not malignant. does not metastisize

carcinoma

malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells

hernia

protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening, often called rupture

lesion

a distinct area of damaged tissue, an injury or wound

metastasis

spread from one part of the body to another

necrosis

death of tissue

neoplasia

an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue

neoplasm

a tumor or abnormal growth

parasite

organism that grows on or in another organism causing damage to it

pathogen

organism capable of causing disease

phagocytosis

ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles

prolapse

dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part

pus

product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells

sarcoma

malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue

sepsis

presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues

alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o

pain

carcin/o

cacner, carcinoma

cyst/o

filled sac or puch, cyst, bladder

lith

calculus, stone

onc/o

tumor

path/o

disease

py/o

pus

scler/o

hard

pyr/o

fever, fire

tox/o, toxic/o

poison

mal-

bad, poor

pachy-

thick

xero-

dry

algia, aglesia

pain

-cele

hernia, localized dilation

-clasis, -clasia

breaking

-itis

inflammation

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor

-pathy

any disease of

-rhage, -rhagia

bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage

-rhea

flow, discharge

-rhexis

rupture

-schisis

fisusre, splitting

dilation, dilatation

expansion, widening

ectasia, extasis

dilation, dilatation, distension

lysis

separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction

malacia

softening

ptosis

dropping, downward displacement, prolapses

sclerosis

hardening

spasm

sudden contraction, cramp

stasis

suppresion, stoppage

stenosis

narrowing, constriction

staphylo

grape-like cluster

strepto

chain

bacil/i, bacil/o

bacilus

bacteri/o

bacterim

myc/o

fungus, mold

vit/o

virus

acid-fast stain

laboratory staining procedure used mainly to identify tuberculosisc

ommunicable

capable of passing from one person to another

enedmic

occuring at low level but continuously in a given region

epidemic

affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population at a given time

exacerbation

worsening of disease, increase in severity of disease or symptoms

iatrogenic

caused by the effects of treatment

idiopathic

having no known cause

in situ

localized, noninvasive. said of tumors that do not spread

normal flora

microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless but can cause disease under special circumstances like injury or immune failure

nosocomial

describing an infection acquired in a hospital

opportunistic

an infection that occurs because of a host’s poor or altered conditionpa

pandemic

disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world like AIDS

remission

lessening of symptoms

septicemia

presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning

systemic

pertaining to whole body

abscess

localized collection of puss

adhesion

uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated

anaplasia

lack of normal differentiation as shown by cancer cells

ascites

accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

cellulitis

a spreading inflammation of tissue

effusion

escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part

exudate

material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury

fissure

groove or split

fistula

abnormal passage between two organs or form an organ to the surface of the body

gangrene

death of tissue, lack of blood supplyh

hyperplasia

excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement

hypertrophy

increase in the size of an organ without increase in number of cells, may result form increase in activity

induration

hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place

metaplasia

conversion of cells to form that is not normal for that tissue

polyp

tumor attached by thin stalk

purulent

forming or containing pus

suppuration

pus formation

aer/o

air

bar/o

pressure

chrom/o, chromat/o

color, stain