fhewlhf

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things; the smallest unit of life.

Cell theory

that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells.

Robert Hooke

First to discover and use the term cell; observed cork and noticed "small chambers" made up the cork.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope and helped develop the field of microbiology.

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; typically unicellular; found in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; typically multicellular; found in the domain Eukarya which includes protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, stores DNA.

Mitochondria

Produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar through cellular respiration; often called the powerhouse of the cell.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins with instructions from RNA.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Builds and transports materials in the cell.

Rough ER

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum covered with ribosomes, helps create proteins and phospholipids in the cell.

Smooth ER

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum not covered with ribosomes, helps create lipids in the cell.

Golgi body

Modifies, stores, and ships proteins and lipids in the cell.

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell. Different ones have different functions depending on their proteins.

Lysosomes

A vesicle containing digestive enzymes that breaks down food or damaged organelles.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs to create sugar for energy storage.

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Centriole

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only by forming spindle fibers to move DNA and organelles.

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner and help with movement.

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria have these, and sperm do too.

Protein pathway

Ribosome > Rough ER > Vesicle > Golgi Body > Golgi Vesicle > Extracellular Fluid

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Stores energy for later use.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain. Helps form ATP.

Prokaryote characteristics

-bacteria and archaea
-unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA

Eukaryote characteristics

-protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-mostly multicellular
-nucleus and membrane bound organelles
-cell walls in fungi and plants
-nucleus protects DNA

Animal cell characteristics

-no cell wall
-smaller vacuoles/lysosomes
-no chloroplasts
-cholesterol in plasma membrane
-centrioles

Plant cell characteristics

-cell wall
-large central vacuole/ no lysosomes
-chloroplasts,
-no cholesterol in plasma membrane (other sterols)
-no centrioles

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Moves from high to low concentration.

Passive transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell. Moves molecules from high to low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport that requires channel proteins to allow movement through the cell/plasma membrane (glucose).

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient. Moves molecules from low to high concentration.

Selectively Permeable

A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot.

Homeostasis

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

Hypertonic

Water leaves the cell and it shrinks.

Hypotonic-hippo

Water enters the cell and it swells.

Isotonic Solution

Equal concentration moving into and out of the cell.

Endocytosis

Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane.

Exocytosis

The process where the cell removes waste from the cell.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles or whole cells.

cell ex-

-bone cells
-nerve cells
-blood cells

tissue ex:

-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue

organ ex:

-heart
-lungs
-brain

Organ system ex:

-cellular respiration
-digestive system
-nervous sytem

organism ex:

-human
-bunny
-dog