Reproductive System (Ch. 10)

Pelvic organ prolapse

A lack of proper uterine support

Pessary

A removable device that goes into the vagina to provide proper support

Mastalgia

Breast pain that can occur in one or both breast and is closely related to architectural changes in the breast tissue 

Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

Fluoroscopic exam of the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervical canal, and peritoneal cavity, mostly done to check for infertility

Nongravid

Non pregnant

Sonohysterography (SHG)

Exam of the uterine cavity and endometrium and is often used to investigate or diagnose endometrial polyps

Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS)

Distends the endometrial cavity allows the visualization of the single layer of the endometrial lining revealing abnormalities

Bicomuate uterus 

Paired uterine horns extend into the fallopian tubes

Unicornuate uterus

Occurs when the uterine cavity is elongated and has a single fallopian tube emerging from it 

Uterus didetphys

Rare congenital anomaly with complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and vagina 

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infection and inflammation of the upper female reproductive system, including the fallopian tubes, endometrium, ovaries, or pelvis peritoneum, most commonly caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea infection

Mastitis

Inflammation of the breast parenchyma

Follicular ovarian cysts

Result from an uninterrupted follicle that becomes larger in size

Corpus lutetium ovarian cysts

Occur when the corps lutum fails to deteriorate after the release of an ovum

Cystic teratomas/dermoid cysts

Account for approximately 10-20% of ovarian tumors and are the most common type of germ cell tumor contaminating mature tissue 

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Chronic an ovulation syndrome that results in an increase in follicle number in each ovary and is one of the lading causes o female infertility 

Ovarian cancers

Malignant tumors of the overrates accounting for 3% of all cancers in females

Cervical carincoma

Common malignancy of the female reproductive system caused by an abnormal growth pattern of epithelial cells around the neck of the uterus

Cervical dysplasia

Potential premalignant changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix screen with Pap smear and confirmed with biopsy 

Endometriosis

Disease caused by the presence of functional endometrial tissue or glands outside the uterus in abnormal locations within the pelvis 

Uterine leiomyoma

Benign, solid mass of the uterus, which develops from an overgrowth of the uterine smooth muscle tissue 

Uterine fibroids

After menopause, leiomyomas are replaced largely by fibrous scar tissue, which has lead to this

Endometrial carcinoma

One of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system

Fibroadenoma

Common benign breast tumor that presents as a mobile palpable breast lump

Fibrocystic breasts

An overgrowth of fibrous tissue or cystic hyperplasia results in this

Breast carcinoma

Very common malignancy and accounts for one in four cancer deaths in females world wide 

Peau d’orange

Describes on orange peel appearance of edematous skin

Oligohydramnios

Too little amniotic fluid

Polyhydramnios

Excess of amniotic fluid

Ectopic pregnancy

Occurs when the fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterine cavity

Placenta previa

Condition in which the implantation of the placenta covers part or all of the cervical os 

Placental abruption

When a normally implanted placenta prematurely separates from the uterus

Placenta percreta

Condition where the placenta infants into the myometrium and extends into the serosa and possibly the bladder 

Placenta accreta

An abnormal inclination of the placenta into the uterine myometrium

Hydatidiform mole/molar pregnancy

Referes to an abnormal conception in which usually no fetus is present

Cryptorchidism

When the testes fail to descend, it results in an empty scrotal sac

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Common benign enlargement of the prostate gland, is caused by cellular proliferation leading to the development of discrete nodules within the gland is and palpable through the rectum 

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Performed by passing an endoscope through the urethra to core out the gland

Prostatic calculi

Males over 50 years develop, small multiple calcifications within the prostate

Prostatic carcinoma

Most common primary malignant tumor in males and is estimated that one in seven will be diagnosed in their life 

Epididymo-orchitis

When epididymitis infection spreads to the testicles

Hydroceles

Common intrinsic scrotal masses, sometimes congenital in nature, caused by a collection of fluid in the testis or along the spermatic cord 

Spermatocele

An abnormal dilation near the head of the epididymis

Testicular seminomas

Arise from the seminiferous tubules and account for approximately 40% of malignant testicular tumors

Testicular teratomas

Arise from primitive germ cells and account for approximately 25% of malignant testicular masses

Testicular embryonal carcinomas

Smaller than seminomas, but are very invasive and metastasize fairly quickly

Testicular choriocarcinomas

Make up the smallest portion of malignant testicular tumors, accounting for 1% of malignant neoplasms of the testes

Gynecomastia

The most common male breast disorder, it is the benign proliferation of breast tissue in the male influenced by hormonal stimulation 

Breast cancer

Rare in males, and cause is unknown but it largely affects older males

This condition results from enraptured Graafian follicle that becomes larger in size

Follicular ovarian cyst 

Regular, yearly mammography screening should occur in females ______ years of age or older

40

The congenital disorder resulting in paired uterine horns that extend into the fallopian tubes is:

Bicornuate uterus

Which neoplasm is a benign, solid mass of the uterus, which develops from an overgrowth of the uterine smooth muscle tissue?

Uterine leiomyoma 

A malignant neoplasms of the ovary is a:

Mucinous carcinoma

What neoplasm is most commonly caused by the human papilloma virus?

Cervical carcinoma

Which anatomic region of the breast do most breast masses occur?

Upper outer quadrant

The presence of excessive amniotic fluid is termed:

Polyhydramnios