Anatomy flashcards unit 1 test

I used the resources she posted in D2L and told claude to make them based off of them

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; holds DNA for instructions

Nucleolus

Dense sphere within the nucleus; creates ribosomes

Nuclear Envelope

Double bilayer membrane made of phospholipids that protects the nucleus; has nuclear pores that let RNA/ribosomes leave

Ribosome

Protein synthesis outside the nucleus; uses RNA

Mitochondria

Provides ATP/energy; site of cellular respiration

Centrioles

Create spindle fibers for cell division

Cytoskeleton

Provides structure to the cell; made of proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Attached to the nucleus; covered in ribosomes; site of protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Attached to the nucleus; creates lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Bilayer phospholipid membrane; protective and semi-permeable (lets only some materials pass); has proteins embedded in it

Centrosome

Structure near the nucleus that organizes microtubules; contains the centrioles

Chromatin

DNA + proteins that make up chromosomes; the "uncondensed" thread-like form

Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome, formed when genetic material doubles, held together by a centromere

Centromere

The point where sister chromatids are held together

Interphase (before mitosis)

Cell prepares to divide; genetic material doubles, creating sister chromatids held together by a centromere

Prophase (Stage 1)

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; centrioles (poles) appear and move to opposite ends of the cell; centrioles begin forming spindle fibers between the poles

Metaphase (Stage 2) - "M = Middle"

Sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell and attach to spindle fibers (the mitotic spindle)

Anaphase (Stage 3) - "A = Away"

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled away to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers

Telophase (Stage 4, final)

Two new nuclei and nuclear membranes form; chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin (thread instead of rod form); mitosis ends

Cytokinesis (after mitosis) - "C = Cell membrane"

Cell membrane moves inward to pinch the cell into two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes

Epithelial tissue - major characteristics

Actively mitotic; lines surfaces in/on the body; involved in protection, secretion, and absorption; avascular (no blood supply); tightly packed; has a basement membrane beneath cells; has an apical/free surface (or a lumen if arranged in a ring)

Epithelial tissue - nomenclature

Named by number of cell layers and cell shape (e.g., simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified)

Simple squamous epithelium

Location: blood vessels; function: diffusion

Stratified squamous epithelium

Location: epidermis of skin and areas with friction; function: protective; has dead cells at the free surface

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Location: kidneys and ovaries; function: secretion/protection

Simple columnar epithelium

Location: small intestine; has microvilli to absorb nutrients

Pseudostratified epithelium

Location: lines the respiratory tract; secretes mucus; protective

Connective tissue - major characteristics

Very diverse group; all types have at least one of three fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular); vary in function, vascularity, and mitosis speed; categorized as loose or dense based on collagen amount

Collagen fibers

Largest and most common connective tissue fiber

Elastic fibers

Stretchy connective tissue fiber

Reticular fibers

Smallest, very thin connective tissue fiber; helps kidneys, spleen, and liver with filtering

Blood (connective tissue)

Location: blood vessels and heart; fibers become visible in clots

Reticular connective tissue

Loose connective tissue; filters in the kidneys, liver, and spleen

Areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue, AKA fascia; contains all 3 fiber types; found around organs; forms the basement membrane

Adipose tissue

Loose connective tissue; found around organs and under the dermis; provides energy storage, insulation, and protection

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dense connective tissue; found in the dermis of skin

Other dense connective tissue

Includes bone, cartilage, and tendons/ligaments

Muscular tissue - major characteristics

All contractile (able to squeeze); tightly packed; vascular

Cardiac muscle

Location: heart; cells held together by intercalated discs

Skeletal muscle

Location: around bones; cells are multi-nucleated

Smooth muscle

Location: hollow organs (digestive tract and blood vessels)

Nervous tissue - major characteristics

Most delicate tissue type; old neurons do not undergo mitosis; avascular

Neurons

Very large cells that send signals

Supporting cells (neuroglia)

Help neurons

Nervous tissue - location

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves