us history test 2.6, 3, 4, 5.1

magna carta

an english document from 1215 that limited the power of the king and provided basic rights

english bill of rights

a document signed in 1689 that guaranteed the rights to english citizens

habeas corpus

a constitutional guarantee that no one can be held in prison without charges being filed

salutary neglect

a british policy in the early 1700s that allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain profited economically

enlightenment

an 18th-century movement inspired by european philosophers who believed that society’s problems could be solved by reason and science

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin’s 1754 proposal to form one government for a group of Britains colonies in North America

Great awakening

a religious movement in the english colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers

iroquois

also known as the haudenosaunee, the Iroquois were a group of American Indian peoples who lived in upstate New York and neighboring lands. They included the Cayuga, Cherokee, Huron, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora, who shared a language family and certain ways of life.

George washington

worked early on as a surveyor of the Virgina colony. Washington became interested in western expansion in the ohio country and invested in the ohio company. In 1752, he accepted an appointment to the military as an officer. Two years later, he led a company to drive out the french from fort duquesne . Later, he went on to serve as the commander- in chief of the colonies continental army and to become the first president of the united states

french and indian war

war fought from 1754 to 1763 in which britain and its colonies defeated France and its american Indian allies, gaining control of eastern north america

Edward Braddock

served as a British commander in north America during the french and Indian war.

Pontiacs rebellion

usrising in 1763 by American Indians in the great lakes region

Prolclamation of 1763

declaration by the british king ordering all colonists to remain east of the Appalachian Mountains

Albany Plan of union

Benjamin Franklins’s 1754 proposal to form one government for a group of Britains colonies in North America

Bemjamin Franklin

was an influentail american statesman, inventor, aand scientist.

salutary neglect

a british policy in the early 1700s that allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain profited economically

stamp act

1765 law passed by parliament that required colonists to pay taxes on printed materials

John Adams

an american colonial lawyer and writer who became one of the foremost thinkers and activists among the American patriots

Patrick Henry

American patriot, lawyer, and author. He is best known for a speech he gave before the virg8ina convention in 1775, during which he stated “give me liberty or give me death.”

Sons of Liberty

Organization of colonists formed in opposition to the stamp act and other British laws and taxes

nonimportation agreements

colonial consumer boycotts of british exports in response to taxes passed by parliament

Boston Massacre

Incident on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers killed five colonists in Boston

committees of correspondence

network of local groups that informed colonists of British measures and the opposition to them i nthe years before the Revolutionary War

Boston Tea party

protest against British taxes in which Bostonian protesters dumped tea into the harbor on December 16, 1773

Intolerable Acts

American name for the coercive Acts, which Parliament passed in 1774 to control the colonies

First continental congress

group of delegates representing all the American colonies, except Georgia, that met in 1774

Paul Revere

American silversmith who lived and worked in Boston. When the British approached Boston Harbor on April 16, 1775, Revere rode through the countryside to Concord warning the colonists and calling Patriots to arms

Militia

trained citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency

Minutemen

members of armed Patriot groups who would take the field at a moment’s notice in the days leading up to and during the Revolutionary War

Loyalists

colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War

Second Continental Congress

Assembly of delegates representing every colony that met in 1775 in Philadelphia following the battles of Lexington and Concord

Continental army

army that represented the colonies during Revolutionary War

Thomas Paine

an english American author and political thinker who moved to Philadelphia in 1774, following a meeting with Benjamin Franklin. He is best known for his Highly Influential pamphlet common sense, b ringing support to the Patriot cause

Democratic Republicans

led by Jefferson and Madison, one of the first political parties in the United states and also known as the republicans

Declaration of Independence

document drawn up by the second continental congress and approved in 1776, that announced American Independence and explained the reasons for it

Thomas Jefferson

American farmer, landholder, author, architect, lawyer, and statesmen. Advocating for american independence and he represented Virgina in the second continental congress

Natural rights

universal rights, such as life and liberty, that derive from nature rather than from government, according to philosophers

William Howe

commander in chief of the British army from 1776 to 1778 during the revolutionary war. Although he led British troops to victory in Bunker hill, Brandywine, and Germantown, he resigned his command after failing to defeat Washington forces at valley forge.

Mercenary

professional soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army

Battle of Trenton

1776 Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey, won by the continental army

Charles Cornwallis

fought in the 7 years war in Europe before being sent to combat in the continental army during the revolutionary war but he was trapped with his forces in Yorktown in 1781 where he surrendered to Washington

Battle of Princeton

1777 Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey, won by the Continental Army

Saratoga

1777 Revolutionary War battle considered to be the turning point in the war because the patriot win convinced the French to ally officially with the U.S

Marquis de Lafayette

french aristocrat who joined the american patriot cause in 1777 he fought under George washington and returned to france in 1779 to persuade the king to send french forces to help the americans in 1780 he helped trap the british

Benjamin Franklin

influential American Statesman, inventor, and scientist. Trained as a printer he settled in Philadelphia.

Valley Forge

location in Pennsylvania where General Washingtons army spent a difficult winter in 1777-1778

Monmouth

1778 Revolutionary War battle site in New Jersey where neither side won a clear victory

Kings Mountain

a 1780 Revolutionary War battle in South Carolina in which Patriots defeated a loyalist militia

Yorktown

site in Virgina where, in 1781, General Cornwallis’s British Forces surrendered to General Washington

Manumission

the act of freeing someone from slavery

democratic republicans

led by Jefferson and Madison, one of the first political parties in the United states and also known as the Republicans

Unicameral Legislature

a lawmaking body made up of a single house

Bicameral legislature

a lawmaking body made up of two houses

articles of confederation

the original federal constitution drafted by the continental congress in 1777

John Dickinson

worked as an attorney in Philadelphia before becoming involved in politics and devoting himself to the Patriot cause. in 1765, he served as Pennsylvania’s representative to the Stamp act and thne later he helped draft the articles of confederation

federal

national

Northwest Territory

a vast territory north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania as far as the Mississippi River

Land Ordinance of 1785

a law which designed a system for managing and settling in the Northwest Territory

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a law which provided a basis for governing the northwest territory

shays’ rebellion

a farmers’ rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, against higher taxes in Massachusetts

alexander Hamilton

born in the British west indies and went to New York to pursue his studies. There, he became involved in the Patriot cause he also fought during the American revolution and served with Washington

James Madison

Patriot who represented Virginia in the continental congress and was a leading voice in the articles of confederation

Virgina plan

James Madison’s proposal for a bicameral legislature with representation based on population

New Jersey Plan

William Patterson’s proposal for a unicameral legislature with each states having one vote

Great compromise

compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey plans for a bicameral legislature; each state would have equal representation in the senate and varied representation, based on the state’s population, in the house of representatives

federalism

division of power among federal and state governments

3/5 compromise

a compromise in which each enslaved person in a state would be counted as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of legislative representation

ratification

an official approval

Federalist

one who favored ratification of the constitution

Antifederalists

one who opposed ratification of the constitution

The federalist

a series of 85 essays, written by James Madison, alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that explained and defended the constitution

John Jay

New York attorney who joined the Patriot cause during the American revolution and served in the continental congress as a diplomat of Spain and France he wrote 5 of the essays in the federalist

Bill of rights

the first ten amendments to the constitution protecting freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government

Popular sovereignty

people control all political power

limited government

government only has powers granted by the people through the constitution

separation of powers

division of government into groups to limit its power

checks and balances

each branch of government can limit actions of other branches to protect against abuse of power

electoral college

group of electors from each state, with each elector receiving one vote in presidential elections; votes are usually based on the popular vote

administration

staff of the executive branch

precedent

an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed

black cabinet

group of african-american leaders who served as unoffical advisers to Franklin d Roosevelt

tariff

tax on imports or exports

loose construction

a belief that the government has any power not forbidden by the constitution

strict construction

a belief that the government is limited to powers clearly stated in the constitution

Whiskey Rebellion

a 1794 uprising in western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on whiskey

political party

group that seeks to influence the government by winning elections

little turtle

American indian leader of the Miami people resisiting american expansion into the northwest terriory

battle of fallen timbers

a 1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami confederacy of american indians

french revolution

an uprising against the French monarchy that began in 1789

XYZ affair

a diplomatic controversy in 1798 in which French officials demanded bribes of American negotiators

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport non-citizen immigrants, known as aliens, and to prosecute those who criticized the government

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

state resolutions passed in 1798 declaring the Alien and sedation acts unconstitutional

Aaron Burr

3rd vice president of the US and was angered by comments made by Alexander Hamilton, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804, during in which Hamilton was killed