NSC 308 Chapter 9

Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered ______.

anabolic

What is the name of the main form of energy (not nutrient) used directly by the body?

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as _______, is the main form of energy used by the body.

ATP

ATP consists of ______.

• three phosphates

• adenosine

A substance is ______ when it loses 1 or more electrons.

oxidized

Match the definition with the most appropriate term.

• Anabolism ←———→Smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds

• Catabolism ←———→ Breaking down compounds to small units

______ functions as the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide during intense aerobic exercise.

Niacin

Which is an example of a catabolic process?

production of ATP from fatty acids

Catabolic pathways produce which of the following from the production of ATP?

• Heat

• Carbon dioxide

• Water

Choose the best definition of cellular respiration.

Removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

Which of the following is true about ATP?

The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.

A substance is ______ when it gains 1 or more electrons. For example, iron does this when it gains an electron.

reduced or reduce

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to two units of ______.

pyruvate

Which two of the following vitamins assist dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

• Riboflavin

• Niacin

The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA occurs in a process called ______.

the transition reaction

Match the term with its best definition.

• Cellular respiration ←———→ Removing electrons from food molecules to produce energy

• Aerobic ←———→ Making ATP in the presence of oxygen

• Anaerobic ←———→ Making ATP without oxygen

What are other names for the citric acid cycle?

• Krebs cycle

• Tricarboxylic acid cycle

What are two functions of glycolysis?

• To produce energy

• To provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds

The transition reaction also ______, which will eventually enter the electron transport chain.

reduces NAD

What part of the cell is the electron transport chain located in?

Mitochondria

How many turns of the citric acid cycle does it take to process one glucose molecule?

Two

Why is oxygen essential to energy production?

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions.

How do cells without mitochondria (such as red blood cells) produce ATP?

Anaerobic metabolism

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?

• NAD+

• lactate

The final pathway of aerobic respiration is ______.

the electron transport chain

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______.

lipolysis

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?

Aerobic metabolism

Which yields the most ATP?

Fatty acid

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on ______ glycolysis to produce ATP.

anaerobic

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?

By providing additional oxaloacetate

What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?

ketone bodies

Match each term with its definition.

• Carnitine ←———→ Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

• Fatty acid oxidation ←———→ The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP

• Lipolysis ←———→ The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation?

Beta-oxidation

Which of the following are true about how carbohydrates aid in fat metabolism? 

(More than one answer may be correct)

• Pyruvate is produced by carbohydrate metabolism, which keeps the supply of oxaloacetate high.

• Carbohydrate makes the entire pathway for fatty acid oxidation work better.

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

Ketosis

Ketoacidosis occurs as a result of ______.

uncontrolled type I diabetes

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ______.

lipolysis

When a person is in a state of semistarvation, the amount of glucose in the body falls. As a result, insulin production ______.

decreases

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?

Muscles

Without sufficient ______, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.

insulin

In a state of semistarvation or fasting, a decrease in the hormone ______ causes fatty acids to flood into the bloodstream and eventually form ______ bodies in the liver.

• insulin

• ketone

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

What are two options for acetyl-CoA once it has been produced?

• Form ketones

• Combine with oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into ______ ______.

amino acids

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. This amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to ______. This substance must be removed from the body as a buildup of it is toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.

ammonia

Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allows these cells to grow ______.

rapidly

During ______ alcohol intake the body uses the MEOS pathway.

• moderate

• excessive

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

• Kidney cells

• Liver cells

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?

• The rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes.

• The type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes.

Typical fatty acids ______ converted into glucose.

cannot be

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?

• Slowing of metabolic rate

• Nervous system uses less glucose

• Reduction in energy requirements

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

Liver

Cancer cells use glycolysis and produce ______.

lactate

Identify the consequences of feasting.

• increased burning of glucose for energy

• increased insulin production

• fat accumulation

The MEOS pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption to prevent the toxic effects of ______.

• alcohol

• acetaldehyde

Fasting and feasting ______ metabolism.

both affect

Lean body mass that declines below 50% (catabolism) due to fasting will result in ______.

death

The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children recommends ______.

screening for 36 core conditions

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body ______.

fat

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of ______.

phenylalanine

In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to ______.

• intellectual disability

• bacterial infections

• cataracts

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?

Identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid?

• Meats

• Milk

• Eggs

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to ______.

• liver enlargement

• poor physical growth

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ______.

galactosemia

The genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called ______.

glycogen storage disease