#036 Elizabeth's Religious Settlement

Catholicism => quasi-Catholicism => Protestantism => Catholicism within 50 years.

By 1558, England had moved from

nation conflicted between Protestants and Catholics

The main issue for Elizabeth was that she inherited a

family, Sir Roger Ascham as tutor => sympathetic to Lutheranism

Protestants influences on Eliz.

banned priests from ‘elevating the host’ in Royal Chapel prior to reaching a settlement, furious after Dean of St Paul’s Cathedral showed her prayer book with illustrations of saints 

How was Eliz. Protestant?

allowed/enjoyed some of traditional vestiges of Catholicism(ornaments/crucifixes/music/candles), believed priests must remain celibate and chaste

How did Eliz. demonstrate some signs of the old faith?

1558-1559, Nov 1558, December, proclamation, no preaching, January, Bills, Catholic Bishops, Mary, 1552 Edwardian Prayer book, woman

Eliz. understood a new codified approach to Religion was needed, and between ____ - ____ this approach was devised. Within six months, it was mostly in place, by ______ . 

At home, Catholics and Protestants waited to see what the result would be. In ________, she issued a _________ arguing that there should be __ ______. This consultation was completed by _______ the following year(1559), but the attempt to put the settlement into law through its ___ in Parliament was blocked by _____ ______ who had been appointed by ____ and some of the nobility. 

They did not wish the ____ ________ _______ ____ to return, and they also objected to the Church being led by a ______.

war with France from Mary’s Spanish commitments, London supported Protestant but Catholicism prevailed in many other areas(e.g. north), Scotland allied to Catholic France, Mary QofS

Complications to Eliz.’s religious settlement

wife of heir to French throne and next in line to England. 

Why was Mary QofS a problem to Eliz.’s religious settlement?

Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis, Catholic Vs Protestant Debate

These two lucky events helped Eliz’s religious settlement

Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis(1559)

A peace treaty which brought an end to half a century of periodic fighting between Spain and France. This also ended English involvement.

Catholic v. Protestant debate

Organised by the government, during a debate the Catholic clergy suggested that they did not accept Elizabeth’s authority, resulting in the imprisonment of two of them. 

Parliament met and Eliz won vote with majority of 1 vote with some concessions over the Prayer Book(imprisoned two of the Bishops)

what was the aftermath of the Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Catholic Vs Protestant Debate

literally transformed into the body and blood of Christ

What did the bread and wine mean for catholics?

symbolic gesture

What did the bread and wine mean for Protestants?

Religious Settlement

• Eliz. understood a new codified approach to Religion was needed to placate both Protestants and Catholics in England

• Between 1558-59 this approach was devised.

Act of Supremacy(‘59), Act of Uniformity(‘59), Organisation of the Church, Royal Injunctions of 1559, 1559 Prayer Book, 39 Articles of 1563

What acts did Eliz.’s religious settlement include?

prevent the kind of division and chaos of the last 20 years

What was the aim of Eliz.’s settlement?

HRE and France

Religious conflict had led to conflict in:

replaced 400 clergy who opposed reform with those who did, opposition from some local clergy ignoring new Book of Common Prayer

How did People react to Eliz.’s settlement?

1564 survey from JPs revealed only half supported it, some priests opposed financial part of settlement and vestments(clothing) to be worn

What else did the local clergy do in opposition to the settlement besides just ignoring the new Book of Common Prayer?

extract money, depleted, France, Scottish, drained

Some of the financial complaints against the settlement were focused upon the manner in which Elizabeth viewed the Church as a way to _____ ______. Upon her accession, the royal coffers were rather _______. The war against _____ and ______ problems had ______ them.

lifted Mary’s ban on taking taxes due for Rome, Act of Exchange(1559)

What did Eliz. to solve her financial issues?

Act of Exchange(1559)

• This law allowed Eliz. to confiscate the land of Bishops, and force them to pay rent to the Royal Treasury.

• Used to keep Bishops in line

threatening to take their land if they did not comply with the settlement

How was the Act of Exchange(1559) used to keep bishops in line?

Catholic, fight more wars, neither, civil war, wait, brought back, marriage, realise, return

The Problem:

France and Spain were still _________ powers, and the England that Elizabeth inherited was in no position to _____ ____ ___. 

Luckily, ______ country wished to become too involved at the time. France was entering a period of ____ ___, and Philip II of Spain was willing to ____ and see what the settlement would actually mean in England. He believed that Elizabeth could be _______ ____ to the Catholic fold. This was exemplified by the fact that he offered Elizabeth his hand in _________, but Elizabeth refused. 

As the decade progressed, Spain began to ______ that England was less and less likely to _______ to Catholicism. 

Francis II, H7, Franco-Scottish, strengthened, heir, Protestant, Mary of Guise, 1542, secret supplies, Treaty of Edinburgh(1560), withdrew, died

Scottish Complications:

In France, Henry II was killed during a tournament making _______ __ king. He was married to Mary QofS, the grand-daughter of __, meaning a ______-________ alliance was ________. Mary was potentially the ___ to England if Eliz. died without an heir. 

Meanwhile, Mary’s mother in Scotland faced a ________ rebellion. ____ __ _____ had been ruling Scotland since ___ on behalf of her daughter. Eliz. sent ______ ______ to the rebels. But the ____ __ _______(___) was reached and the French _________ from Scotland. Just when things seemed calmer, Francis II himself ____ childless.

Civil war in 1562

What were the French complications?

Catholics versus the Huguenots(Protestants)

What was the French civil war of 1562?

Huguenots

Protestant followers of Calvin, led by the Prince of Condé.

Spain

As France became weaker, _____ became resurgent - bad news for Elizabeth. 

Treaty of Hampton Court(Sept 1562)

England promised aid to the Huguenots in this treaty

Le Havre

What did the English capture during their alliance with the Huguenots?

Le Havre, Calais, truce, Catholics, Le Havre, 1563, cautious, Peace of Troyes, 1564

But Huguenots became disillusioned with the English seemingly wanting to use the episode to barter for old lands in France by trying to exchange __ ____ for _____, and they made a _____ with the ________. The situation was sealed when plague broke out in the captured __ ____, and the English surrendered in June ____. The situation ended poorly and Elizabeth used the example of this failure to adopt a more ______ approach in foreign policy in the future.  The _____ __ _____ was signed in ____ between England and France.

Council of Trent, 1545-63

a long running meeting between the Catholic clergy of Europe with the goal of dealing with the Reformation and the future of the Catholic Church.

co-exist, Protestants, Muslims, Elizabethan Settlement

The Council of Trent concluded that Protestantism cannot be permitted to _____ with Catholicism. Catholicism was facing __________ and _______, and a hard line approach was needed. This did not bode well for the ____________ ___________. 

excommunicated, Philip II, back, pirates, Netherlands, banned, cloth, imports, 1564, tensions

Consequences of the Settlement:

There were those who wanted Elizabeth to be _______________ due to the Settlement. However, _______ of Spain still had the belief that she could be convinced to take England ____ to the old faith. This belief was soon to sour. 

Elizabeth had been lax in her dealings with English _______ who preyed on Spanish ships, and she had also allowed English Protestants to spread their ideas in the Spanish controlled __________. Philip ______ the import of English ____ to the Netherlands, and Elizabeth responded by banning ______ in the other direction. 

An agreement was reached by ____, but the ______ remained. Elizabeth stuck with her Settlement, but understood that Spain needed to be contended with.