CSDS 101 - Module 3

articulatory aspects of phonetics

What are the primary purpose of these structures related to survival?

• Respiration

• Swallowing

• SPEECH IS SECONDARY FUNCTION

Speech Mechanism

• anatomical structures used for speech production

Articulators

• anatomical structures above the level of the larynx used in speech production

Diaphragm

• thin, domelike structure that separates the chest and abdomen

  • when contracted, allows oxygen to run into the lungs

Lungs

• sponge like tissue within a cavity formed by the ribcage

  • provides breath stream for speech production on exhalation

Trachea

• cartilaginous tube that connects the lungs with the pharynx and larynx

  • Passageway for air

  • AKA Windpipe

Larynx

• located just above the trachea, extends just below the root of the tongue

• comprised of a variety of structure including the vocal folds

Vocal Folds

• movement of this structure determines if a phoneme is voiced or voiceless

  • vocal fold can adduct or abduct

Adduction

• allows vocal fold vibration and voicing of sounds

• VOICED (FOLDS TOGETHER)

Abduction

• Allows for breathing and production of voiceless phonemes

• VOICELESS (FOLDS APART)

Glottis

• space between vocal folds

• is within the center of the larynx

Pharynx

• a tubular funnel shaped structure located posterior to the root of the tongue and extending downward to the esophagus

• serves a resonating function

• 3 PARTS

  • Nasopharynx

  • Oropharynx

  • Laryngopharynx

• 2 HALVES

  • Velopharyngeal Valve

  • Epiglottal Valve

Nasal Cavity

• Air-filled space behind the nose that extends back to the nasopharynx

• resonating cavity for production of nasal phonemes

Oral Cavity

• Air-filled space bounded by the lips, cheeks, and oropharynx

• includes the palate, tongue, and teeth

Hard Palate

• bony, anterior 2/3 of the palate

• Vault is described by the height and narrowness of the hard palate

• point of contact for phoneme production

Soft Palate/Velum

• posterior 1/3

• soft and vascular

• point of contact for back sounds

• involved in the velopharyngeal closure for production of oral phonemes

Alveolar Ridge

• ridged area in the maxilla and mandible that contain the upper and lower teeth

• typically highlighted as a point of contact for speech production

  • tongue tip or front of the tongue will make contact for production of several phonemes

Tongue

• muscular organ that allows mobility significant to variations in position and tensions

• Derives control from intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that change it’s shape

• involved in production of all vowels and most consonants

Lingual Frenum (Frenulum)

• cord of tissue under the tongue blade

Teeth

• upper and lower teeth like posterior to the lips

• upper and lower incisors play a role in the production of some phonemes

Lips

• comprised of complex set of muscles and tissue

• great deal of mobility

• play a role in the production of multiples vowels and consonants

Maxilla

• UPPER JAW that forms the majority of the palate

Mandible

• LOWER JAW

  • movement changes the position of the teeth

  • movement changes size of the oral cavity

Speech production is the result of what coordinating processes

• phonation

• Articulation

• Respiration

• Resonation

  • Can be referred to as PARR

Phonation

• occurs with the rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds

Articulation

• modification of the breath stream to produce speech sounds

Respiration

• exhalation provides the flow of air for phoneme production

Resonation

• vibration of air in a resonating cavity

Vowels

• produced with a relatively unobstructed vocal tract

• lingual positions shape oral cavity into vowel configuration

Consonants

• produced with a degree of obstruction in the vocal tract

how can consonants be described?

by their

• place

• manner

• voicing

Place

• WHERE the phoneme is produced

Manner

• HOW the breath stream is modified

Voicing

• Whether vocal folds are ABDUCTED or ADDUCTED

Bilabial

• phonemes produced with BOTH LIPS

• Upper and lower lips serve as the articulatorys

•  (e.g., /p, b, m, w/)

Labiodental

• Phonemes produced by the lip and teeth

• (e.g., /f, v/)

Linguadental

• Phonemes produced as a result of contact between the tongue and upper and lower teeth

• teeth (e.g., /ɵ, ð/)

Lingua-Alveolar

• phonemes produced when the tongue contacts the alveolar ridge

• Contact can be complete (e.g., /t, d, n, l/) or incomplete (e.g., /s, z/)

• Some productions of /ɹ/

Lingua-Palatal

• phonemes produced when the tongue contacts the hard palate

• Some productions of /ɹ/

• (e.g., /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/)

Lingua-Velar

• phonemes produced when the back of the tongue contacts the velum

• (e.g., /k, g, ŋ/)

Glottal

• Phonemes produced when the vocal folds partially adduct, causing friction or turbulence

• (i.e., /h/)

• Glottal stop /ʔ/

Nasals

• a manner of articulation

• phonemes produced by resonating the entire vocal tract, including nasal cavity

  • Velum is lowered

  • /n, m, ŋ/

Stop Consonants

• a manner of articulation

• Phonemes produced with a complete blockage of the airstream which is then reduced

  • /p, b, t, d, k, g/

  • Also referred to as plosives

Fricatives

• a manner of articulation

• phonemes that are produced with partial blockage of the airstream, results in friction

• /f, v, ɵ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/

Affricatives

• production of these phonemes starts with a stop consonant that is released into a fricative

  • /tʃ, dʒ/

Liquids

• phonemes that are smoothly produced and can have vowel-like characteristics

• /l, ɹ/

• /l/ sometimes referred to as a lateral

Glides

• phonemes that also have vowel-like characteristics and are produced with initial narrowing of the vocal tract

  • /w, j/

What are the distinctive feature descriptions of phonemes?

• obstruent vs. Sonorant

• continuant vs. stops

• Stridents vs. nonstridents

• Sibilant vs. nonsilibant

• Voice vs. voiceless

• front vs. back

• labial vs nonlabial

• nasal vs. nonnasal

What is the general development sequence?

• early 8

• mid 8

• late 8

Early 8

• /m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/

Mid 8

• /t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ/

Late 8

• /ʃ, s, ɵ, ð, ɹ, z, l, ʒ/

Obstruent

• complete or partially obstructed

• Complete: /p, b, t, d, k, g/ (stop consonants)

• Partial: /ɵ, ð, f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ (fricatives and affricates - /h/)

Sonorant

• channel through which the breathstream passes is fairly open

  • All vowels and nasals

  • Approximates: liquids, and glides

Continuant

• Produced with incomplete obstruction of the vocal tract (all consonant but stops)

Stops

• complete obstruction of the airflow

• /p, b, t, d, k, g/

Strident

• airflow directed against a surface, causing significant friction (fricatives and affricates)

Sibliants

• subsets of stridents with high frequency noise

• (i.e., /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/)