psych exam 4/final

Rather than a specific event, ______ is a process that unfolds through a series of coordinated neuroendocrine changes.

puberty

Allen and Allen proposed that having adolescents do something again because they did not do it well the first time falls under the suggestion to

give candid, quality feedback to adolescents

The birth rate in the U.S. for 15- to 19-year-olds in 2020 was

the lowest ever recorded

Which of the following was NOT listed as a positive outcome associated with exercise during adolescence?

increased use of alcohol and marijuana

Which of the following characterizes adolescent contraceptive use?

older adolescents are more likely to use contraceptives

The idea that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with mood swings and conflict is called

storm and stress

National data in the United States indicated that the percentage of obese 12- to 19-year-olds increased from 11 percent in the early 1990s to more than ______ percent in 2017-2020.

22

One cognitive factor associated with increased likelihood of sexual risk-taking behavior would be

low levels of self-regulation

The pituitary sends a signal via ______ to the appropriate gland to manufacture hormones.

gonadotropins

One in five U.S. adults has a sexually transmitted infection called ________ that is caused by a family of viruses and involves an eruption of sores and blisters. This infection has no known cure, but antiviral medications can shorten outbreaks.

genital herpes

The average age for girls to experience menarche in the U.S.

has declined significantly since the mid-nineteenth century

Ricky, a young teenager, has a tendency to engage in risky behaviors. This may be a function of his underdeveloped

prefrontal cortex

Higher levels of ______ tend to occur in girls who experience early maturation.

vulnerability for depression and eating disorders

Research indicates an association between early menarche and

earlier initiation of sexual intercourse

Research by Allen and Allen indicates that the current generation of adolescents are experiencing ______ after adolescence instead of being launched adequately into adult years.

more adolescence

What is one area that was not likely to have much influence on adolescents 50 years ago?

lifestyle options through technology

The three leading causes of death in adolescence and emerging adulthood in the U.S. are

accidents, homicide, and suicide

Today, the transition from adolescence to adulthood is referred to as

emerging adulthood

Pubertal growth spurts are characterized by which of the following?

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt is 9 for girls and 11 for boys

According to Allen and Allen one way to provide adolescents with the opportunity to contribute is by

encouraging service learning opportunities

Developing a sexual ______ emerges in the context of physical, social, and cultural factors, with most societies placing constraints on the sexual behavior of adolescents.

identity

What is one aspect of adolescent mothers’ interactions with their child based on research?

interactions tend to be negative

The endocrine system’s role in puberty involves the interaction of the

hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads

A delay in the nightly release of the sleep-inducing hormone ______, which is produced in the brain’s pineal gland, seems to underlie a shift in the adolescent biological clock.

melatonin

The corpus callosum thickens in adolescence and this change improves their ability to

process information

What is one characteristic of the storm and stress view of adolescence proposed by Hall?

adolescence is essentially a period of conflicts and mood swings

With the onset of puberty, the levels of ______, such as dopamine, change.

neurotransmitters

A girl in early adolescence is most likely

less satisfied than she will be in late adolescence

The prefrontal cortex, which is involved in the ______ process, does not finish maturing until emerging adulthood.

reasoning

Which of the following is one reason given for the decline in adolescent pregnancy rates in the U.S.?

increased contraceptive use

A person’s professional goals would be included in their ______ identity.

vocational

Which ability appears during Piaget's formal operational stage?

the ability to create a hypothesis and deduce its implications

Latoya is 15 years old. She is most likely in which of the following developmental stages, according to Erik Erikson?

identity versus identity confusion

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the personal fable?

a sense of uniqueness

Being aware that options and alternatives are available and adapting to the situation requires cognitive

flexibility

Adolescents often adopt a ______ that encompasses different cultural elements in which they are embedded and that can

bicultural identity

One recent trend in the use of technology among adolescents is

media multitasking, or using several types of media concurrently

Researchers found that students who participated in service learning were more likely to

have higher self-esteem

What outcome associated with higher levels of gratitude is not evidenced by the research within the text?

increased thoughts of self-harm

Harry has not been able to successfully resolve his identity crisis. He has immersed himself in the world of his peers and lost his identity in the crowd. Erik Erikson would say that Harry is suffering from identity

confusion

The main goal of service learning is to help students __________ and more motivated to help others.

become less self-centered

A(n) ______ comes the closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the U.S.

high school graduation ceremony

The 1989 Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development report recommended that middle schools should

separate students into smaller, more personal units and involve parents more

Based on research, one of emerging adulthood’s themes is not having many ______, which gives individuals considerable independence in developing a life path.

social commitments

John was thinking about how animals think. Then he started thinking about why he was thinking about how animals think. Which of the following thought processes is John displaying in this example?

abstract thought

______ is a self-portrait composed of many pieces that develops through a lengthy process of synthesis.

identity

Reginald, a teenager, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. If these arguments are typical of normal parent-adolescent conflicts, they are most likely to be about

Reginald’s everyday expectations of family life

Lisa makes a new friend who is gay. At first, Lisa does not approve of homosexual behavior, but she relates warmly to her friend and soon changes her mind about it. Lisa is demonstrating

connectedness

Which of the following is true in regards to research conducted on middle school?

educators worry that middle schools mimic the curricular and extracurricular schedules of high schools

Based on research, ______ influences an adolescent’s capacity to explore identity.

the quality if one’s friendships and romantic relationships

Which of the following is an example of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will see she is having a "bad hair" day.

According to recent research, social media sites such as Instagram may be promoting and amplifying which of the following in adolescents?

their self-interests

Which of the following is considered a positive when transitioning to middle school for many students?

increased independence from parents

Which of the following strategies can be used to improve adolescent decision making in an atmosphere of stress such as being in the car while someone is dangerously driving?

role playing

The endocrine structure that monitors sex and eating is called the

hypothalamus

________ is a hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, an increase in height, and a change in voice.

testosterone

The majority of sexual minority adolescents have ______ paths of development through adolescence and becoming healthy adults.

successful

About ______ percent of pregnancies to teen mothers are unintended in the U.S.

77 percent

Increases in screen time for adolescents is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

improved cardiovascular health

According to Jean Piaget's theory, children entering adolescence will begin which stage?

formal operational

Which of the following is a true statement about adolescents?

they have an increased tendency to think about thought itself

Which of the following statements made by Barbara is an indicator that she is experiencing the imagined audience phenomenon?

“Everyone is going to notice that I’m wearing braces.”

Adolescents who face traumatic experiences that disrupt their sense of psychological invulnerability are more at risk of developing all of the following EXCEPT 

higher resilience

Which of the following age groups, according to research, are most likely to generate different options, examine situations from a variety of perspectives, and consider the credibility of sources?

young adolescents

If an individual has not developed a solid basis of ________ during childhood, critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence, although some youth can “catch up” to their peers over the course of development.

fundamental literacy and math skills

Kendall realizes that her sister did not mean to ruin the sweater that she borrowed and told her sister that she understood it was an accident. Kendall is exhibiting

forgiveness

After his grandmother drove him to the video store to buy a new game, Caleb stayed at his grandmother's home and raked her yard. Caleb was demonstrating

gratitude

Researchers who have studied the child’s experience of transition from elementary to middle school find that

many students find the transition to the first year of middle school to be difficult.

Which of Maricia’s status is characterized by no crisis and no commitment?

identity diffusion

Two dimensions of ______ are self-assertion and separateness.

individuality

Conflict with parents often escalates during ______ before stabilizing.

early adolescence

Aaron is in the eighth grade. Some of his close friends have recently started engaging in vandalism and writing graffiti on the walls at school. What is Aaron most likely to do?

He is more likely to join his friends in these behaviors than when he was in fifth grade.

What is one characteristic of crowds?

Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation.

During the entering into romantic attachments stage, which of the following usually occurs?

Infatuations are common and often discussed with same-sex friends.

Cognitive factors linked to development of ______ include ineffective social information processing, low intelligence, and poor decision-making.

juvenile delinquency