Bio 224 Chapter 26

Epididymis

What is the site of sperm maturation

Bulbourethral

Which accessory gland is that last to add contents to the semen before the semen enters the urethra?

To produce genetically unique haploid gametes

What is the purpose of meiosis?

sperm; testes

Spermatogenesis is the production of ________; it occurs in the _____________.

oocytes; ovary

Oogenesis is the production of _______; it occurs primarily in the __________.

semineferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.

interstital cells

small specialized cells in the testes that secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone

epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.

ductus deferens

carries/stores sperm from epididymis to urethra

seminal vesicles

two small glands that secretes majority of the fluid; it is fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move

prostate gland

A gland in males that contributes to the seminal fluid.

spermatic cord

bundle of fibrous connective tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

spermatocytes

cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

sustentacular cells

support and nourish the spermatogenic cells

spermiogenesis

transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis

acrosome

A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg

uterine tubes

Tubes that carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called fallopian tubes or oviducts.

oogenesis

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

polar body

haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintegrate

ovarian follicle

developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

menarche

onset of menstruation

four haploid cells

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces

interphase

A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during

prophase I

Homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs during what phase?

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.

The correct order of events during meiosis is

prophase I, recombination

Segments of nonsister chromatids trade places during __________, resulting in ____________.

diploid, haploid

Mitosis produces cells that are ___________; meiosis produces cells that are ___________.

fertilization

The fusion of sperm and egg is known as:

emission

The term __________ describes the movement of sperm and accessory gland secretions into the urethra.

ampulla of the uterine tube

Where does fertilization usually occur?

immature gamete

Oogenisis releases an ___________ each month.

ovulation

What is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism in females?

HPV infection

The most common cause of cervical cancer is __________.

gametes

Complete this analogy: Testes are to gonads as sperm are to:

He would have a reduction in the volume of his semen.

How would a patient's semen be affected if he has a blockage in his seminal vesicle?

spermatogonia

The stem cells that give rise to new sperm are called __________.

female climacteric, or menopause

When menstruation has ceased for at least one year, what has occurred?

ejaculatory duct

Which duct travels through the prostate?

testes and ovaries

The primary organs of reproduction are?

ovaries, ovums

Female gonads are ________ while their gametes are ______

vestibular glands

Paired glands near the posterior side of the vaginal that secrete an alkaline mucus upon sexual arousal.

broad ligament

The ligament extending from the lateral margins of the uterus to the pelvic wall; keeps the uterus centrally placed and provides stability within the pelvic cavity.

estrogen and progesterone

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

estrogen

Oocytes produce what hormone?

primordial oocyte

a non-growing egg surrounded with a layer of squamous cells

mitosis, prophase I

All oocytes undergo __________ are arrested at ______ at the time of birth.

metaphase I, puberty

Secondary oocytes is arrested in __________ after __________.

1-8 weeks, 8 weeks to birth

Embryonic stage is from what weeks? While detal stage is considered from what weeks?

1-28 days old

What is the age of a neonate?

corpus luteum

The ____ produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy.

corpus albicans

If fertilization does not occur a ___________________ forms from an oocyte and is later dispelled via menstruation.

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and intramural

What are the four regions of the uterine tube?

12

How many days does an oocyte typically have to move from the uterine tube to the uterus?

basal layer and functional layer

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

the deepest layer where cells undergo mitosis

What is the basal layer of the endometrium?

functional layer

What layer of the endometrium sloughs off during menses?

menstruation (day 1-5), proliferative phase (day 6-14), and secretory phase (day 15-28)

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

proliferative phase

The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during which the endometrium (shed off during menstration is rebuilt). Thickens

28, 5

The textbook cycle lasts __ days while the period lasts _ days.

follicular phase (day 1-14), ovulation, luteal phase (day 15-28)

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

FSH and LH

What hormones surge during ovulation?

egg maturation from an increase in LH and FSH

What happens during the follicular phase?

vasodilator

Estrogen acts as a _______________.

functional, constrict

After an egg is not fertilized estrogen and progesterone do a steep decline. The cells of the _________ layer _________ which leads to the tissue becoming necrotic and sloughing off.

fornix

A lot of cervical cancer arises in the _____ of the vagina. That's why two areas are swabbed during pap smears.

non-keratinized stratified squamous, low, glucose

The vagina is made of ___________________ epithelium and has a ______ (acidic) ph because it breaks down ___________.

squalene

The vagina produces ____________, a lubricant for penetration.

true

True or false: mammary glands are present in both sexes.

prolactin, oxytocin

Milk production is under the control of the hormone _______ while milk ejection is under the control of the hormone ______________.

Cooper's ligaments

suspensory ligaments; fibrous bands extending from the inner breast surface to the chest wall muscles

lactiferous ducts

milk ducts which carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

prepuce

Which portion of the penis is called the foreskin?

seminal vesicle

Which of the following male accessory sex glands produces a yellowish secretion containing fructose, prostaglandins, coagulating proteins and enzymes?

ejaculatory duct

Enlargement of the prostate can constrict the:

pulls the testes closer to the body.

Contraction of the cremaster muscle:

ductus deferens

Sperm in the epididymis travel immediately next to the:

spermatogenesis.

Damage to the sustentacular cells of the testes could impair:

testosterone

Which of the following is the main hormone that regulates spermatogenesis?

ovarian ligament

Which ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus?

myometrium

What portion of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle and contracts rhythmically during orgasm and childbirth?

follicular phase

Which of the following is the phase of the ovarian cycle during which several primary follicles mature into secondary follicles?

Primordial Follicle

Primary follicle

Secondary follicle

Vesicular follicle

Ruptured follicle

Corpus luteum

Corpus Albicans

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle

Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

Ovulation is triggered by a positive feedback loop resulting in a surge of:

Leydig cells

Another name for interstital cells is?

Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

a hormone secreted in male embryos that prevents the Mullerian duct from developing into female reproductive organs

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

Kleinfelter's Syndrome

males with XXY sex chromosomes

80%

What percentage of mature sperm is essential for fertilization

LH, FSH, ovulation

Estrogen contraception stops ______ and ______ and prevents _________.

LH, inhospitable uterine lining and prevents sperm from fertilizing

Progestin contraception stops ____ production which creates an?

fructose

What gives sperm energy?

Prostaglandin

What hormone causes smooth muscle to contract in the vagina, loosens plug in the cervix, to allow for sperm to enter the uterine tube.

spermine

a base that neutralizes the acid within the female vagina

parasympathetic, sympathetic

An erection is considered a ___________ response while ejaculation is considered a ______________ response.

psychological, physiological

Impotence is mostly a ________________ issue but can also be _____________.

dorsal

In the anatomical position the _______ side of the penis is facing forward.

corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

Erectile tissue includes?

oblique, hernias

The spermatic cord goes through the ________ muscle which is why males are more prone to _________.