AP Psychology: Topic 2.2 - Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision Making

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17 Terms

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Prototypes

a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category

<p>a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category</p>
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Assimilation

making new information fit in with an existing understanding of the world (existing schema)

<p>making new information fit in with an existing understanding of the world (existing schema)</p>
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Accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

<p>adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information</p>
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Algorithms

a methodical problem-solving routine that attempts all possible solutions until the correct one is found

<p>a methodical problem-solving routine that attempts all possible solutions until the correct one is found</p>
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Heuristics

tools of thinking that address problems by using mental shortcuts to make judgments

<p>tools of thinking that address problems by using mental shortcuts to make judgments</p>
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Representativeness heuristic

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a stereotypical case or prior expectation

<p>a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a stereotypical case or prior expectation</p>
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Availability heuristic

a mental shortcut that bases a decision on the first or most vivid example that comes to mind

<p>a mental shortcut that bases a decision on the first or most vivid example that comes to mind</p>
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Mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past

<p>a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past</p>
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Priming

a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus

<p>a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus</p>
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Framing

a cognitive bias in which people decide between options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations

<p>a cognitive bias in which people decide between options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations</p>
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Gambler's fallacy

the belief that the chances of something happening with a fixed probability become higher or lower as the process is repeated

<p>the belief that the chances of something happening with a fixed probability become higher or lower as the process is repeated</p>
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Sunk-cost fallacy

the tendency to continue with a decision we've invested resources into even if the costs outweigh the benefits

<p>the tendency to continue with a decision we've invested resources into even if the costs outweigh the benefits</p>
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Executive functions

higher order mental processes that allow individuals to generate, organize, plan, and carry out goal-directed behaviors and experience critical thinking

<p>higher order mental processes that allow individuals to generate, organize, plan, and carry out goal-directed behaviors and experience critical thinking</p>
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Creativity

a way of thinking that includes generating novel ideas and engaging in divergent thinking

<p>a way of thinking that includes generating novel ideas and engaging in divergent thinking</p>
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Divergent thinking

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; thinking that flows in different directions

<p>expanding the number of possible problem solutions; thinking that flows in different directions</p>
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Convergent thinking

reapplying prior learning to quickly and accurately solve problems that do not require novel thinking

<p>reapplying prior learning to quickly and accurately solve problems that do not require novel thinking</p>
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Functional fixedness

a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions

<p>a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions</p>