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global warming causes

  • pollution from burning fossil fuels

  • These gases include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

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global warming impacts

●increased heatwaves in certain parts of the world *eg USA

● Rising sea levels : thermal expansion. Sea levels are currently rising by up to 3mm a year, flood low lying island such as Kiribati in the Pacific leading to forced migration of the population

● Increased acidity of the oceans: CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere→ more of the gas is absorbed by the oceans → water more acidic. This can bleach coral reefs effecting tourism industry in places such as Jamaica.

● Melting of the icecaps and glaciers – ice in the Arctic Ocean decreased by 15% since 1960, but thickness of the ice has decreased 40% decrease the salt content (salinity) of the oceans affecting ocean currents *eg The North Atlantic Drift

  • Thawing peat bogs – permafrost is starting to melt in the tundra regions (Siberia) release millions of tonnes of methane into the atmosphere

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Lesotho - water supply

  • Lesotho is a developing country (LIC) completely surrounded by South Africa

  • It has frequent dry spells

  • Lesotho faces issues with clean water and sanitation → cholera , water-borne diseases

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Lesotho choice of location

  • Highlands of Lesotho have over 1000mm of rainfall a year

  • steepsided valleys which can hold water in the reservoirs.

  • Does not have earthquakes so there’s no danger of dams being destroyed and flooding issues.

  • Water in this area has good chemical content and low sediment content= good for drinking and irrigation

  • There was ample dolerite and basalt rocks which is good for producing concrete to help in the construction of the dams.

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Lesotho details

  • Project has 6 dams *eg Mohale Dam and the Matsoku Dam

  • damming some of Lesotho’s main rivers to create reservoirs to provide water.

  • Water is mainly used to provide water for irrigation and domestic usage for the people of Lesotho but for neighbouring South Africa especially in the city of Johannesburg.

  • South Africa pays Lesotho for this water which provides money to help in the development of the country.

  • The Muela Hydroelectric Power Station provides electricity for Lesotho

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Lesotho positives

  • Provides water and electricity- Water from the reservoirs provides for the people of Lesotho *eg capital MASERU.

  • Income for Lesotho - South Africa pays for the water provided by the project to help invest in development projects.

  • Infrastructure - developed In building the dams, roads were built to gain access to the sites.

  • jobs - 4000 people were involved in the construction of the Katse Dam.

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Lesotho negatives

  • Dams threatened plant species - Alpine fauna of the Lesotho Highlands → Katse Botanical Gardens in the Highlands for conservation

  • Conflicts in land use →27,000 people were either rehoused/lost their herding grounds, compensation packages and resettlement plans were unsatisfactory

  • Endangering animals → Flooding of the areas and reduction of the river flow due to the construction affected many animals. Wetlands were also destroyed

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Lesotho solutions

  • NGO’s work in providing clean drinking water to the rural communities of Lesotho

  • 2017 the Global Environment Facility and African Development Bank (AfDB) financed the Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Rural Water Supply in the Lesotho Lowlands.

  • This project is to improve clean water and sanitation for the rural communities of the Lesotho Lowlands in response to recent climate change and managing resources more efficiently

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Energy Supply- Iceland’s Energy Mix

  • 85% of all energy comes from renewable sources, the largest of any country in the world

  • 65% - Geothermal energy

  • 20% Hydropower

  • 15% - Fossil Fuels

  • Other in development – Solar, wind and hydrogen as a fuel

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Geothermal Power

  • Geothermal power is important to Iceland→ tectonically active area and renewable.

  • It is mainly used to create heating and hot water in Iceland, Only 24% of the country’s electricity is generated from geothermal power.

  • There are 9 geothermal power stations in Iceland.*eg Krafia and Reykjanes Power Stations

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Hydropower

  • HEP (Hydroelectric Power) is generating electricity from water.

  • 72% of all electricity is generated by HEP in Iceland

  • Important as it is renewable and only 19% of the potential areas for harnessing HEP have been used in Iceland

  • Big environmental concerns over creating more HEP stations

  • There are 15 hydropower stations in Iceland *eg Karahnjukar Hydropower Plant

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Fossil fuels*eg oil

  • It is used to make up Iceland’s energy mix

  • 15% comes from imported oil

  • bad to rely on imported fuel as you can become reliant on other countries

  • oil is non renewable and is a fossil fuel

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Wind Power

  • There is a project currently looking into the feasibility of a wind farm in Iceland.

  • Two wind turbines were installed in South Iceland in 2015.

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Solar Power

  • Reykjavik City Council installed solar powered parking meters in busy parts of the city

  • country is near Arctic Circle → harnessing of solar energy is limited.

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Hydrogen as a fuel

  • 1999 company called Icelandic New Energy was established into looking at the feasibility of using hydrogen as a fuel in Iceland.

  • The country’s first hydrogen station opened in 2003

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Jamaica - Tourism - Location

  • Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea within the Tropics

  • located close to Cuba

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Factors encouraging tourism

  • 1.9 million stopover tourists in 2011

  • Climate is good with an average of 7 hours sunshine every day

  • People visit for the beaches such as Montego Bay, caves at Cockpit County,

  • More cultural activities (historic plantation houses) : Port Maria

  • environmental tourist attractions: bird sanctuaries (Montego Bay) and Botanic Gardens

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Why tourism is important

  • Tourism is one of Jamaica’s top sources of revenue.

  • 50% of the country’s total foreign exchange earnings

  • Employs the second largest number of Jamaicans : 200,000

  • Investments in infrastructure to accommodate tourists

  • Many people in tourist areas (Montego Bay) have benefited from an improved quality of life as the result of tourism

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Problems for tourism

  • Environment problems= building large resorts uses huge amounts of concrete which releases CO2 contributing to climate change

  • seasonal jobs= unemployed

  • Large TNC’s organize the holidays so leakage happens

  • Local employees are paid low wages

  • sex tourism and drugs.

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Solutions for tourism

  • ecotourism → companies offer guest houses as accommodation/tourist experiences= minimal damage to the environment

  • The gov try develop sustainable tourism

  • Responsible Tourism → local guides taking visitors up the Rio Grande River.

  • Tourists and encouraged to buy local food and crafts from local traders

  • Smaller hotels employ local staff

  • Education to tourist about negative effects of tourism.

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Definition of Special economic zone (SEZ)

  • area in which the business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country

  • SEZ aims : increased trade balance, employment, increased investment, job creation

  • introduced 1978 as part of its ‘Open Door Policy’ to encourage Foreign Direct Investment

  • Their site of location aimed at attracting FDI and technology, provide employment, utilize Chinese and imported resources

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SEZ incentives

  • low cost labor

  • Land use → Infrastructure : roads, water, electricity and access to a container port complex so that parts and raw material could be brought in and shipped to foreign markets.

  • Tax incentives. SEZs offered reduced corporate income tax rate, including income tax exemptions for foreign nationals working in SEZs.

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Jinan industrial zone facts

  • Capital of Shandong Province

  • Began being built in 1991

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Jinan industrial zone site

  • Covers 83km2

  • A flat area of land for building on

  • Is in a very pleasant area with green mountains to the south of the area with many trees (good area for FOOTLOOSE Industries)

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Jinan industrial zone situation

  • Near good communications like expressways, close to the Beijing-Shanghai super highway and 15 minutes from an international airport → Important for import or raw materials and export of finished goods.

  • Three hours drive from the port of Quingdao, one of the world’s largest container ports

  • Good education and housing built by the Chinese govt. as part of the incentive to bring in FDI into SEZ

  • Near to 500 software factories on the Qilu Software Park - good for networking and sharing of ideas

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FOOTLOOSE industries

those not tied to a specific industrial location by raw material and products.

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FDI - Foriegn Direct Investment

Inward investment into a country from TNCs (Transnational Corporations)

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ECONOMIC CLUSTERING

When business, usually selling or providing similar products/services cluster together to benefit from networking and/or the sharing of ideas.

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Food shortages - Eswatini Causes

  • Drought

    → El Nino causes global temperature increase

    → 2016 rainfall was the lowest in the past 35 years

    → no crops grown = yields decreased by 60% from 2015

  • Poverty

    60% of the Eswatini rural population is below the poverty line

    → GDP per capita is US$4500

    Lubombo where cereal production fell to 88% of 2014/2015 output

  • HIV

    → 2009, 26% of 15-49 year olds infected

    → 96,000 orphans = not enough ppl to work on farms

  • Poor infrastructure

    → inability to access water → not enough irrigation methods = dying crops

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Food shortages Impacts

  • Undernutrition

    → 2019, 22.5% of children in Lubombo region suffered malnutrition

  • Reliance on Food Aid

    → food shortages made people reliant on food aid

  • Subsistence farmers turning to the production of cash crops

    → farmers decided to work in commercial farms (only grow cotton and sugar) (sensitive to global demand change)

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Food shortages solutions

  • Food Aid

    → The UN used to distribute food like SORGHUM and MAIZE during times of food shortages

  • Investment in Irrigation

    → investment in dams and canals

    → Micro–irrigation schemes like drip irrigation is being encouraged in the Middle and Lower Velds

  • Change of crops

    → New crops that require less water are being encouraged to be grown such as SWEET POTATOES

  • Subsidised seeds and fertilisers →Subsidies are being given to farmers to help them pay for farming inputs

  • improving livestock production

    → A fence built along the border with Mozambique to prevent ‘foot and mouth’ disease which affected cattle

    → Farmers now practicing ROTATIONAL GRAZING

  • education and training for farmers

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Subsistence Farming in eSwatini- Inputs

  • RELIEF → In High Veld, the land is terraced to allow flat land for subsistence farming

  • farming is done by women as most men work in the mines in South Africa

  • work is done using hand tools as many farmers can’t afford machinery

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Subsistence Farming in eSwatini- Processes

PREPERATION OF LAND

  • Ploughing and harvesting is manual labor

  • Cattle grazed on the Swazi National Land is guarded and controlled on unfenced land by herd boys.

  • Little use of fertiliser → Burning of dry grass is added into the soil

  • Simple irrigation in the Middle and Low Velds → diverting water from streams.

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Subsistence Farming in eSwatini- Output

Crops

  • Maize to make flour, millet, vegetables and meat and milk from the cattle

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Subsistence Farming in eSwatini- Problems

  • Unreliable rainfall is a problem and irrigation water is only available to a few

  • Farmers have little money and high production costs

  • Poor infrastructure → harder to transport goods

  • overstocking due to shortage of land

  • animal diseases weakened herds (foot and mouth diseases

  • HIV/AIDS mean that many framers can’t work their land

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Subsistence Farming in eSwatini- solution

  • Greater investment in dams and canals for irrigation In the Middle and Low Velds.

  • Gov scheme to encourage farmers to grow other crops → received free seeds to grow

  • Government provide subsidized seed and fertilizer to farmers

  • Fencing off field so that foot and mouth disease can not spread and vaccination of cattle

  • Education of famers on how to prevent soil erosion

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Large Scale Commercial Farming in eSwatini - Inputs

  • Climate

    → Sugar needs heat , ‘Low veld’ region avg temp is 29*c and high hours of sunshine = ideal for growing sugar

  • Soils and land

    → Sugar needs fertile soil

    → Low Veld area of Swaziland are the main growing areas of sugar.

    → eSwatini has flat land for large scale machinery

  • CAPITAL

    → CAPITAL INTENSIVE

    → Money is required to build irrigation canals

    → Lots a workers are needed so sugar companies offer their employees benefits *eg free schooling.

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Large Scale Commercial Farming in eSwatini - Processes

  • Irrigation

    → Water from canals taken to the fields

    → Land is irrigated using sprinklers, furrow irrigation and drip irrigation

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Large Scale Commercial Farming in eSwatini - Outputs

  • Raw sugar and brown sugar

    → produced in eSwatini’s three sugar mills - Mhlume, Simunye and Ubombo

    → These products account for 18% of eSwatini’s GDP

  • Molassess

    → used in the production of alcohol

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TNC - Nike - Facts

  • headquarters are in Oregon, USA.

  • The headquarters employ over 6,000 people who create new designs

  • Nike is the world’s largest seller of sports clothing and footwear.

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TNC - Reasons for locating in China

  • China is the cheapest place in the world and the materials are cheap

  • high population= more labor/workers

  • Nike has been working in China for over 30 years when they started to subcontract production to overseas factories.

  • At present there are around 146 factories in China employing 189,000 workers, 77% of which are female workers.

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TNC - Advantages

  • Nike offers jobs with higher wages

  • Setting up factories acted in a POSITIVE MULTIPLIER EFFECT for the setting up of other industries and businesses

  • improved infrastructure around the area

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TNC - Disadvantages

  • accused of paying low wages and long hours and poor working conditions.

  • Low skilled job = dont develop skills to benefit the economy

  • ‘leakage’

  • causing river pollution from waste products from their dying and printing processes.

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Hot area - Namib Desert - info

  • The Namib is a coastal desert in southern Africa

  • stretches for more than 2,000 kilometres along the Atlantic coasts of Angola and South Africa

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Namib Desert climate type and reasons

● Hot Desert Climate

→ Found between 15° and 30° on the WESTERN SIDE of continents

→ Hottest months in deserts tend to be a month after the sun is directly overhead bc temperature lag as the ground retains the heat built up over time

→ Daily temperatures tend to be high with temps up to 38°C in the day and as low as 5°C at night bc few clouds to prevent heat escaping

→Low rainfall – less than 250mm bc air is descending so convection currents are not strong enough to rise through the descending air

→ ALTITUDE – Places higher will be cooler and have more rainfall due to RELIEF RAINFALL

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How the Namib Desert is being exploited

  • Mining

    →Diamonds (SW Coast) and Uranium (Rossing Uranium Mine)

    → Opencast mines destroy environments and uses huge amounts of water

    → leakage , only a bit of money goes back into Namibia

  • Agriculture

    → Irrigated Farming – So dry in the Namib Desert so irrigation of rivers is needed

  • Tourism

    → Water holes dry up in popular tourist areas due to excessive use of water (Etosha National Park)

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Solutions to the problems – Sustainable Development

● Ecotourism

→ Rest camps with hotels, chalets and camping sites in the Etosha National Park

→gravel roads also protects the environment

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Economic development that’s risking the environment OR tropical rainforest - Borneo - Facts

  • Three countries – Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), Indonesia (Kalimanta n) and Brunei

  • 3rd biggest island in the world

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Borneo- climate type and reasons

  • Equatorial Climate

    → Found within 10° of the Equator in lowland areas

    → Anomalies : east coast of Central America = onshore winds bring heavy rain all year

    → High average temp 26-28°C. bc Sun’s rays hitting Borneo are never more than an angle of 66½°

    → Convectional rainfall (258mm rain per month) = low pressure means more rain as water vapour condenses at the dew point

    → light winds = rising air

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Reasons why the rainforest is being removed in Borneo

  • Logging → removal of trees caused soil erosion

  • Population Pressure – TRANSMIGRAT ION policies of Indonesia moved many people to Borneo from Java (1979-84)

  • Plantations – Mainly oil palm plantations since 1980s

  • HEP – Hydroelectric Power → Removal of forest for the Bakun HEP Scheme

  • Road Building – To access mines, HEP and plantations

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Deforestation consequences

  • Atmospheric Pollution from the clearing of trees through burning

  • Increased CO2 emissions – increasing climate change and also as forest are removed, carbon sinks are removed

  • Loss of biodiversity – especially for plants that can be used as medicines and foods

  • loss of habitats for animals like the orang-u-tan

  • Loss of soil fertility – removal of primary forest causes soil erosion

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Deforestation solution

● Creation of National Parks (NPs) – protect wildlife and habitats (Kutai NP)

● Debt for nature swaps - Richer countries like USA reduce the debt owed by countries like Indonesia if Indonesia can prove conservation is taking place

● Selective Logging – Only taking down the trees needed. Hard to actually do

● The Forest Stewardship Council – NGO that promotes responsible management of the worlds forest

● Ecotourism – Sustainable tourism employing local people, protecting the environment and putting profit back into the community – Tabin Wildlife Park

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Hurricane Katrina Info

●August 2005

●Category 5 storm

●280km/h winds

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Opportunities created by the coastline

● important port set up during the slave trade in the 18th century

● Oil and natural gas in the Gulf of Mexico

● One of the US’s largest fishing industries in the area

● Tourism - Mardi Gras Festival during Easter time

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Why the tropical storm caused so much damaged

● Levees and floodwalls protecting New Orleans (NO) were breached. – only built to withstand a Category 3 storm

● Many people ignored the instructions to evacuate NO

● NO is built on low lying marshlands.

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Impacts of Hurricane Katrina

●1836 people killed

●1 million homeless

●Looting and social disorder

●$US150 billion in damage

●Huge unemployment

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Walton on the naze info

●Coastal town in Essex in SE England ●Population of 12,000

●coastal erosion is removing up to 1.5 metres of land a year.

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Opportunities created by the coastline

  • Residential Town

    → connected to other places so that people can commute to work in other major towns

    ● Tourism

    → town has many bars and restaurants, sea thats safe to swim in, wildlife

  • attractions

    → Walton Pier and beach huts

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Hazards associated with this coastline

  • Coastal Erosion

    → soft rock found on the coastline( London Clay and Red Crag)

    → Red crag is permeable -cliff prone to slumping.

    → The cliff face becomes heavier and eventually it separates from the material behind at a rain-lubricated slip plane.

    → cliff is being eroded back.

  • Longshore Drift – removes the beach protecting the cliffs.

  • As the cliff is being eroded, land and buildings will be lost -→ land has high economic value

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Management of the coast

  • northen part of the coastline protected by crag walk

    → grade 2 listed houses

    → crag walk will slow erosion to 20m in the next 100 years

  • groynes

    → prevent LSD

  • Break waters

    → on either side of southern banks

    → waters break on it so beach isnt lost

  • recurved sea wall

    → bottom of london cray

    → reflect energy of waves

  • rip rap

    → beneath cliffs of Grade 2 listing buildings , the tower

    → absorbs power of waves

    → 300 tonnes of leicester granite

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River nile info

  • 6600 km long

  • 95% of egyptians live near the river

  • nile delta population dindensity of 16,000 per kilometre squared

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oppurtunities created by river

  • soil of delta between Cairo and medditerrian sea has lots of nutrients from delta silt deposition

  • fishing industry is good

  • transportation route (egyptians using speed boats and cruises to avoid traffic)

  • flat land

  • DAMS → HEP source

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hazards by the river

  • Animals

    → crocadiles eat 200 people anually

    → Mosquios

  • retreat of delta

    → sediment building on side of dam instead

    → shrinking due to erosion from medditeranian sea

  • Flooding due to excessive irrigation

    → waterlogging

  • pollution

    →industrial and domestic waste

  • flooding due to climate change

    → mediterranean sea rise 30 cm

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Management of river

  • Levees

    → 900km of leeves bewteen cairo and aswan

  • Dam - Aswan dam

    → controls flow of water

    →Lake nasser is the resevoir behind it

    → water lost to evaporation

  • Irrigation canals

    → water from lake nasser to desert areas

    → new valley prject and toshka project

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Queensland floods 2010

  • Dec 2010 and Jan 2011

  • flooded Fitzroy river, Brisbane river and Burnett

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Oppurtunities created by river (floods)

  • Fitzroy river has Theresa Creak dam storing and diverting water = potable water

  • Emerald town agriculture use of river for domestic consumption

  • Fertile land so irrigation is used

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Flood physical causes

  • Heaviest rainfall since 1850

  • Rain caused by cyclone tasha (800mm in december)

  • LA NINA

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Human causes

  • impermable roads on floodplains (rockhampton) = surface run off

  • deforestation on the upper courses of the great dividing range = surface run off

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Impacts

  • 26 people killed

  • ¾ of queensland was danger zone

  • $30 billion damage caused

  • flood waters brought snakes and crocadiles

  • sugar and wheat production affected

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Management of river

  • Brisbane city council website has map of evacuation routes

  • Temporary levees in Fitzroy river (rockhampton)

  • concrete wall surrounding airport terminal in emerald town

  • wivenhoe has 5 flood gates → flood prevention

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Monserrat - Soufrerie hills

  • 25th June 1997

  • gross domestic product per capita is 2800 pounds

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Monserrat Causes

  • 1995 souferie erupted for the first time

  • 50% evacuated to north of the island

  • Monserrat on destructive plate boundary

    → north and south american plate subducting under carribean plate (subduction zone)

    →Rising magma causes series of volcanoes → volcanic arc

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Monserrat short-term Effects

  • 23 died and 100 injured

  • plymouth covered in ash

  • homes, infastructure and businesses destroyed

  • 75% island covered in ash

  • main aiport and port closed

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Monserrat long-term effects

  • long time taken to rebuild infastructure and homes

  • respitory disease

  • environmental damage - beaches

  • population from 12,000 to 1200

  • dependent on uk handouts

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Responses

  • 5000 evacuated to salem and plymouth

  • links to uk provided relief and recovery

  • NGO in international red cross make evacuation camps

  • uk sent 40 mil for releif camps and 70mil for further development

  • islanders offered 2500 pounds to move to UK

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Haiti

  • transform margin plate

  • north american plate and carribean plate

  • jan 2010

  • focus 13km deep

  • energy release was 7 MMS

  • epicentre 25km from port-au-prince

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Impacts

  • 220,000 died

  • 33% buildings in port-au-prince destroyed

  • hospitals and schools destroyed

  • port and airport destroyed

  • 600,000 cholera cases

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Short-term responses

  • engineers from USA rebuilt airport

  • healthcare supplies and teams sent

  • 23 major cities raised 1.1 billion usd for relief

  • 1.6mil housed in relief camps

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Long-term responses

  • dominican republic accepted refugees

  • 330 mil given by soviet and 100mil given by usa

  • temporary schools after 6 months

  • 1.7mil people eventually supplied with sanitization and water

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