Studied by 2 people
Functionalism
________: aimed to understand adaptive purposes of thought and behavior.
Structuralism
________: aimed to identify most basic elements or "structures "of psychological experiences through introspection.
Independent
________: Manipulated variable, the one researchers change throughout the experiment.
Nature vs Nurture
________: whether our genetics determines our behavior, or if it was the environment that we were surrounded by and grew up in.
Replication
________: demonstrating and observing a phenomenon more than once.
Publication
________: making observations available to everyone so that others can evaluate the claims.
Correlational
________: measure 2 variables, determine if relationship exists.
Statistical Significance
________ means that the difference obtained between the two groups is a real effect of the IV.
Experimental
________: control /manipulate 1 variable, determine if changing IV causes changes in another variable.
Repetition
________ of false information, desire for easy answers and quick fixes, selective perception & memory, inferring causation from correlation, & exaggeration of a truth.
Psychoanalysis
________: aimed to uncover mental processes that may be operating below conscious awareness.
Naturalistic observational studies
________ work by making observations of people /animals in their natural environment, while the researcher remains concealed.
Psychology
________ can be studied from different levels of analyses by looking at certain aspects and determining their effect on ________.
Behaviorism
________: aimed to uncover how animals learn behaviors through environmental experiences, and why people behave differently under different conditions.
Reliability
________ is different from validity because ________ measures how consistent the results are, whereas validity measures the correctness of those results.
Empiricism
________: objective observations of the world.
Sample
________: small group of the population that we measure.
Hypothesis
________: prediction about outcome of our research.
P Value
________: the probability that you would obtain the difference that you obtained just by chance (if the IV really had no effect)
Population
________: a large group of interest for a survey.
Variables
________: a quality or characteristic that can take on different values for different observations.
independent variable
Confound: Any factor that covaries perfectly with the ________.
scientific method
Psychologists study behavior using the ________.
Correlation Coefficients
________: a number that is produced that tells us how strongly two variables are related, and the form of that relationship.
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
________: aimed at understanding how individuals find meaning and meet their full potential.
Scientific Theory
________: systematic body of ideas that organizes whats known about a topic from past observations and makes predictions about future observations.
Random assignment
________ is when researchers create 2 equivalent groups by ________ people to one group or the other.
Construct
________: an abstract psychological concept that we can not observe or measure directly.
Validity
________: Correctness /truthfulness /accuracy.
Reliability
________: the degree to which a measure yields consistent results each time it is administered.
Psychology
________ is the study of the mind, the brain, and behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture
whether our genetics determines our behavior, or if it was the environment that we were surrounded by and grew up in
Free Will
Whether we are truly making our own decisions, or if they have all been predetermined by our brain and by our neurons
Structuralism
aimed to identify most basic elements or "structures" of psychological experiences through introspection
Behaviorism
aimed to uncover how animals learn behaviors through environmental experiences, and why people behave differently under different conditions
Functionalism
aimed to understand adaptive purposes of thought and behavior
Cognitive
aimed to demonstrate how mental processes shape our behavior
Psychoanalysis
aimed to uncover mental processes that may be operating below conscious awareness
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
aimed at understanding how individuals find meaning and meet their full potential
Skeptical
examine evidence behind claims
Open-minded
willing to consider new ideas, but wont accept those ideas unless evidence supports it
Understanding
realize they can be fooled and design research that protects against it
Empiricism
objective observations of the world
Replication
demonstrating and observing a phenomenon more than once
Publication
making observations available to everyone so that others can evaluate the claims
Observational Research
objectively observe and record behavior
Correlational Research
measure 2 variables, determine if relationship exists
Experimental Research
control/manipulate 1 variable, determine if changing IV causes changes in another variable
Scientific Theory
systematic body of ideas that organizes whats known about a topic from past observations and makes predictions about future observations
Hypothesis
prediction about outcome of our research
Variables
a quality or characteristic that can take on different values for different observations
Operational definition
definitions of variables that are used to define them in the term of the operations performed to measure them
Sample
small group of the population that we measure
Population
a large group of interest for a survey
Correlation Coefficients
a number that is produced that tells us how strongly two variables are related, and the form of that relationship
Independent
Manipulated variable, the one researchers change throughout the experiment
Dependent variable
measured variable, the variable that is/cannot be changed by researchers
Confound
Any factor that covaries perfectly with the independent variable
Validity
Correctness/truthfulness/accuracy
External Validity
Can we generalize the results of our experiment to the population from which our sample was drawn
Internal Validity
Can we draw correct conclusions about the causal relationship between the IV and DV
Construct
an abstract psychological concept that we cannot observe or measure directly
Construct Validity
Is our operational definition of a construct a good way to measure the construct
P-Value
the probability that you would obtain the difference that you obtained just by chance (if the IV really had no effect)
Descriptive statistics
statistics that summarize participants differing responses in terms of what was most typical and how much peoples responses varied from the average
Inferential Statistics
Statistics that use sample results to infer what is true about the broader population
Reliability
the degree to which a measure yields consistent results each time it is administered
Psychology
the study of the mind, the brain, and behavior
How can psychology be studied from different levels of analyses?
Psychology can be studied from different levels of analyses by looking at certain aspects and determining their effect on psychology.
What discipline did Psychology come from?
Philosophy
What type of education do you need to become a psychologist?
A doctorate
What are different types of psychologists?
Clinical, Counseling, School, Forensic, & Industrial Organizational
What are ways we get fooled into believing what is true?
Repetition of false information, desire for easy answers and quick fixes, selective perception & memory, inferring causation from correlation, & exaggeration of a truth
What are the goals of the scientific study of behavior?
To describe, predict, identify causes of behavior in hopes to control/change behavior, & explain behavior
What is the case study approach?
Using detailed observations of a single individual and providing a description of its condition and its development based on those observations
How can we use correlational research to predict behavior?
To predict behavior by knowing the value of one variable, and predicting the value of the other variable based on that research
How can we interpret the strength of a correlation?
By how linear a line that is produced by the graph
What is meant by correlation is not causation?
Changes in two variables can be caused by each other or an added 3rd variable, however the two variables may also be related by coincidence
what does experimental research allow researchers to do?
Experimental research allows researchers to identify causal relationships between variables.
What are the differences between experimental and correlational research?
Experimental research manipulates one variable, & measures the other; correlational research utilizes 2 measured variables.
How is random assignment different from random sampling?
Random assignment differs from random sampling because sampling uses a group (sample) that is similar to the population they are trying to measure. Random assignment picks equivalent, random groups, regardless of of population or sample
what are measures of central tendency?
mean, median, and mode
how is reliability different from validity?
reliability measures how consistent the results are, whereas validity measures the correctness of those results.
What are the core ethical principles of research with humans?
autonomy, benefiance, and justice
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