anabolism

adenosine diphosphoglucose (ADPG)

activated form of glucose and precursor for glycogen and starch

used in gluconeogenesis and starch synthesis

nitrogenase

an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia

anaplerotic reactions

produce oxaloacetate and malate to maintain constant levels of citric acid cycle intermediates

precursor metabolites

the starting molecules for biosynthesis

biosynthesis

the process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.

transaminases

catalyze transfer an amino group between substrates

gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

transpeptidation

final step in cell wall synthesis

Forms the peptide cross-links between muramic acid residues in adjacent glycan chains

Inhibited by the antibiotic penicillin

glyoxylate cycle

regenerates oxaloacetate from malate

UDPG

uridine diphosphoglucose

an activated form of glucose

precursor of glucose derivatives: NAM, NAG, and lipopolysaccharide

inosinic acid

first key purine in purine biosynthesis

uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP)

in peptidoglycan synthesis, it becomes UMP from UDP when UDP leaves behind a phosphate between bactoprenol and NAM

this is all i could find in the slides idk sorry

Identify four precursor metabolites for the monomers of organic macromolecules.

Glucose 6 phosphate, acetyl-CoA, Pyruvate, fourth is???

In what biochemical pathways is Glucose 6 phosphate commonly found?

glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), gluconeogenesis, and the hexosamine pathway

In what biochemical pathways is acetyl-CoA commonly found?

beta oxidation, Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle, fatty acid synthesis and breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and the production of ketone bodies

In what biochemical pathways is Pyruvate commonly found?

glycolysis, CAC, fermenation, gluconeogenesis, lipid synthesis, amino acid synthesis

carbon fixation

the light INdependent rxns of photosynthesis

ATP and NADPH that are used here are made from light DEpendent rxns

What is the most common process by which atmospheric carbon is incorporated into living things? What is an alternative process for incorporating atmospheric carbon into living things?

calvin benson cycle/calvin cycle

reductive TCA cycle- CAC bacwards

Describe a biochemical pathway for the production of glucose molecules from pyruvate.

gluconeogenesis- building glucose6phosphate from non carb precursors

How does ADPG function as a precursor for starch production?

in gluconeogenesis ADPG acts as the direct donor of glucose units, which are then polymerized into starch by the enzyme starch synthase

What is the role of UDPG in the synthesis of peptidoglycan?

UDPG is a precursor of glucose derivatives NAM and NAG

Describe the general process by which peptidoglycan subunits NAM and NAG are assembled to produce the bacterial cell wall.

UDP derivatives of NAM and NAG are synthesized, AAs added to UDP NAM to make NAM pentapeptide

UDP NAM pentapeptide is transferred to bactoprenol phosphate and joined by pyrophosphate bond, generating lipid I

UDP transfers NAG to the bactoprenol NAM pentapeptide, generating lipid II

interbridge formation occurs at cytoplasmic side of membrane so lipid II is then flipped across membrane by flippase so it is on the outiside of the cell

the NAG NAM pentapeptide is attached to the growing end of a nascent peptidoglycan chain that is held at the membrane by a bactoprenol which increases the chain's length by 1 repeating unit

bactoprenol donor moves back across membrane to do it again

peptide crosslinks b/w peptidoglycan chains are formed by transpeptidation so they become layers

In what ways do these antibiotics interfere with cell wall construction in bacteria? vancomycin, bacitracin, penicillin

vancomycin binds to the acyl-D-ala-D-ala of the growing peptidoglycan chains preventing both transglycosylation and transpeptidation

bacitracin prevents the dephosphorylation of bactoprenol pyrophosphate

penicillin blocks the final step in peptidoglycan synthesis, transpeptidation

What is the most commonly used source of nitrogen for bacterial biosynthesis of amino acids? When that source is not available, how can nitrates or atmospheric nitrogen be used as nitrogen sources?

inorganic nitrogen, most commonly ammonia

glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase system

they can use nitrogen fixation, where nitrogenase converts N2 to ammonia (NH3)

Describe the general process by which transaminases construct amino acids from carbon skeletons

transamination- reversible rxn involves transferring an amino group (NH2) from a donor amino acid (glutamine or glutamate) to an a-keto acid (carbon skeleton)

Why is the replacement of a cell's supply of oxaloacetate important in amino acid biosynthesis? What are two processes by which that is done?

it is a precursor for making members of the aspartate family

glyoxylate cycle- regenerates it from malate

citric acid cycle- makes from acetyl coA

carbon skeletons come from?

precursor metabolites from glycolysis and CAC

Summarize the general process by which bacteria construct nucleotides.

ribose 5 phosphate from pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

purine skeleton from from aspartate, folic acid, glutamine, CO2, glycine

pyrimidine skeleton from aspartic acid, CO2, NH3

sorry guys i couldnt really find the answer in the slides :|

What is the source of the carbon atoms incorporated into growing fatty acid chains when a cell constructs a lipid?

malonyl ACP

Which of the pentose sugars is always the first one incorporated into nucleotides? What is the source of that sugar?

ribose 5 phosphate

glucose 6 phosphate from glycolysis becomes ribose 5 phosphate thru pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

typical number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain?

usually 12-20, constructed 2 at a time