ANSC 113 Exam 4

What are the primary endocrine organs in domestic farm animals?

Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal gland, ovary, Pancreas

Hormone class are based on ________________.

Chemical Origin

What will influence the function of the hormone?

Materials and Form

What are steroids derived from?

Cholesterol

What are Proteins, polypeptides, and amines derived from?

Amino Acids

Where are Eicosanoids derived from?

arachidonic acid or polyunsaturated fatty acids

How are steroids shaped?

Ring Structure (sterol core)

What glands can steroids be released from?

Adrenal, gonads, placenta

Steroids are typically ___________ and carried from their gland to their target by the _______.

synthesized, bloodstream

Polypeptides are made up of a chain of _______ than 100 ________ ________.

less, amino acids

Proteins are made up of a chain of ________ than 100 __________ ________.

more, amino acids

Polypeptides and proteins are usually synthesized as a __________ or as __________

preprohormone, prehormone

Where are amines derived from?

Tyrosine

Where are thyroid hormones made?

Thyroid gland

What are some examples of indolamines?

Serotonin and melatonin

Where are indolamines made?

Intestines, brain, pineal gland

What are examples of Catecholamines?

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Where are Catecholamines made?

Brain, sympathetic nervous system, adrenals

What do eicosanoids look like?

Fatty acid like structure

What are some groups of eicosanoids?

Prostaglandin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

What organs produce eicosanoids?

Nearly all

What acts locally via endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

Eicosanoids

What are the control of the hormones?

Receptors

The more hormones you have the more _________.

Impact

Will bind, but won't bind the whole time

Low affinity

will bind for a longer period of time

Synthesis and storage of steroids

On demand from precursors

Steroid release from parent cell

Simple diffusion

Steroid transport in blood

Bound to carrier proteins

Examples of steroids are

Estrogen, progesterone, androgens, cortisol

Synthesis and storage of peptide/protein

In advance and stored in secretory vesicles

Peptide/protein released from the parent cell

Exocytosis

How is Peptide/protein transported through the blood?

Freely dissolved in plasma

What is the half life of peptide/ proteins?

Short

What are examples of peptides and proteins?

Insulin, Oxytocin, Parathyroid hormone, Gonadatropin releasing hormone

What is the response to ligand-rector binding?

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)- is the 2nd messenger

The 2nd messenger allows for phosphorylation (modifying) of the peptide

What are likely/protein sources and targets?

Hypothalamus

What is triggered by an increase in blood sugar?

Insulin

Thyroid hormones impact _______ ________ _______

basal metabolic rate

Thyroid is made of ________

Follicles

Thyroid hormone follicles contain __________ which contains __________

colloid, thyroglobulin

T3 and T4 are produced when _________ is _________.

thyroglobulin, degraded

Thyroid hormones are regulated by _________.

TSH

Synthesis and Storage of Eicosanoids

On demand from precursors

Release of eicosanoid from parent cell

Diffusion, exocytosis

Transport of eicosanoids in blood

Usually not- autocrine or paracrine actions

Half life of eicosanoids

short

Location of receptor of Eicosanoid

Cell Membrane

Eicosanoid response to receptor-ligand binding

Activate 2nd messenger

General Target response of Eicosanoids

Modify existing proteins

What are some examples of eicosanoids?

prostaglandin, Leukotrienes

The effect of hormone is proportional to __________ of hormone available to bind the receptor

concentration

What two factors determine concentration of a hormone?

the rate of hormone release from endocrine cells

Rate of elimination from body tissue

neurotransmitters from hypothalamus use this network to stimulate endocrine cells

Hypothalamohypophysial portal system

The neurotransmitters released by the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system stimulate or inhibit the ________ of hormones.

Release

__________ send neurons directly to capillaries in posterior pituitar.

Hypothalamic neurons

Endocrine cells of the AP release several hormones (trophic/tropic hormones) that will stimulate distant glands to ________ production of their own hormones

increase

PRH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, GHIH are examples of

Releasing Hormones

Protactin, TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, and LH are examples of

Stimulating Hormones

Thyroglobulin breaks down into what?

T3 and T4

Where is Epinephrine and Norepineohrine stored?

Adrenal or Inner Medulla

The three zones of the outer cortex all make what?

Steroid Hormones

What releases Somatomedin's?

Hepatocytes

What are the two types of parathyroid cells?

Chief Cells and Oxyphil Cells

What produces the parathyroid hormone?

Chief Cells

What are the small masses that are scattered throughout the pancreas?

Pancreatic islets

What type of cells produce insulin?

Beta

What type of cells produce glucagon?

Alpha

What do pinealocytes manufacture?

Serotonin to be turned into melatonin

What regulates blood calcium and and phosphate?

PTH (parathormone)

What vitamin does the parathyroid hormone promote in the kidneys?

D

What species lacks a sigmoid flexure?

Stallion

Why does the stallion lack a sigmoid flexure?

vascular penis rather than fibroelastic

What is the S shaped curve for the fibroelastic penis, keeps in body cavity until stimulated for extension.

Sigmoid Flexure

What does the Spermatic cord surround?

Ductus Deferens

Where is the testis site of sperm production?

Gonad

What surrounds the outside of the septa? it is also known for being whitened is a connective tissue.

Tunica Albuginea

What is the order for the transport vessels for spermatozoa?

Sem. Tubules, Rete Testis, Efferent Ductus, head-tail epididymis, ductus deferens

What type of cells support sperm production?

Sertoli cells

What type of cells support testosterone production?

Leydig Cells

Why does the basement membrane matter?

separates spermatogenin germ cells and spertamazoa from blood and immune tissue

Where is the place that the Spermatogonium are considered "graduated"

Lumen of seminiferous tubules

Leydig cells surround the _______.

Septa

What propels movement of the spermatozoa?

Cremaster

What is in charge of temperature regulation?

Pampiniform plexus

What is the smooth muscle at the base of the scrotum that retracts testis?

Tunica Dartos

What must regress to pull the testis into scrotum for proper descent?

Gubernaculum

What is it called if the intestines slip through?

Inguinal Hernia

How and why do glands differ between species?

Characteristics of sperm and ejaculate

What is the gel fraction for boars and stallions?

Bulbourethral

What type of penis has no change is diameter or length?

Fibroelastic

Why does the tip of penis change throughout different species?

So it matches the cervix

Tract is suspended in body cavity between _______ and _______

rectum, and bladder

What is a risk with fillaform appendage?

Calculi

How does the vulva provide information?

Changes size, color, secretions with hormones

Tissue is _______ to protect against abrasion.

keratinized

What type of penis will flare out to seal off cervix?

Vascular

What is the site of fertilization

oviduct

What are the three regions of the oviduct?

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

What transports oocyte?

Ampulla