PSYC 255: CH. 10 - SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

Identity

a self-portrait that is composed of many pieces and domains

What does identity include?

• Vocational/career identity. 

• Political identity. 

• Religious identity. 

• Relationship identity. 

• Achievement/intellectual identity. 

• Sexual identity. 

• Cultural/ethnic identity 

• Interests. 

• Personality. 

• Physical identity.

Erik Erikson

was the first to understand that questions about identity are central to understanding adolescent development.

• Because of him, identity is now considered a key aspect of adolescent development.

During adolescence, we are in Erikson’s what?

identity vs. Identity confusion stage

identity vs. Identity confusion stage

when individuals are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.

• This stage includes psychosocial moratorium

psychosocial moratorium

the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy.

James Marcia believed that Erikson’s theory of identity development encompasses four statuses of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis, which are?

• identity diffusion

• identity foreclosure

• identity moratorium

• identity achievement

Identity diffusion

individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. 

Identity foreclosure

individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. 

Identity moratorium

individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined. 

Identity achievement

individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.  

James Marcia classifies individuals based on the existence or extent of their what?

crisis or commitment.

Crisis

a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives; also referred to as exploration. 

Commitment

a personal investment in identity.

What separates identity into two processes?

dual cycle identity model

• formation cycle

• maintenance cycle

What relies on exploration in breadth and identification with commitment?

A formation cycle

What involves exploration in depth as well as reconsideration of commitments?

A maintenance cycle

One way to examine identity changes is to use a what?

narrative approach

Narrative approach

Involves asking individuals to tell their life stories and evaluate the extent to which their stories are meaningful and integrated.  

Narrative identity

refers to the stories people construct and tell about themselves to define who they are for themselves and others.

Key changes in identity are most likely to take place in?

emerging adulthood.

What produces key changes in identity?

College

Many individuals who develop positive identities follow the what?

MAMA cycles

MAMA cycles

where their identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement.

Ethnic identity

is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership to an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

Most adolescents from ethnic minorities develop a what?

bicultural identity in which they identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture.

Important aspects of family relationships in adolescence are?

• Parental management and monitoring 

• Autonomy and attachment 

• Parent-adolescent conflict 

Monitoring

includes supervising adolescents’ choice of social settings, activities, and friends, as well as their academic efforts. 

When parents engage in what, adolescents are more likely to disclose information?

positive parenting practices

Adolescents push for?

autonomy and responsibility. 

What is important in adolescents’ relationships with their parents?

Secure attachment

Parent-adolescent conflict?

increases in early adolescence, frequently involving the everyday events of family life.

• It decreases throughout adolescence and into emerging adulthood, peaking at about 16 years of age. 

Parent-adolescent conflict serves a?

positive developmental function.

Peer relationships undergo important changes in adolescence, including changes in?

• Friendships. 

• Peer groups. 

• The beginning of romantic relationships. 

Adolescents prefer to have a?

smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate than those of young children.

Harry Sullivan thought that everyone has?

basic social needs and whether these needs are fulfilled largely determines our emotional well-being.

• During adolescence, friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs.

The social need for what intensifies during early adolescence?

intimacy

What are five ways in which social media has transformed adolescent peer relationships?

• Changing the frequency or immediacy of experiences 

• Amplifying experiences and demands 

• Altering the qualitative aspects of interactions 

• Facilitating new opportunities for compensatory behaviors 

• Creating completely novel behaviors 

Conformity to peers

peaks around 8^th and 9^th grade and is more likely to happen when they are uncertain about their social identity and when they are in the presence of someone that they perceive as having a higher status. 

Cliques

are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals, with members that are usually of the same sex and about the same age.

• They develop in-group identity where they believe that they are better than others. 

Crowds

are larger and less personal and are defined by the activities they engage in.  

What are the three stages characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

• stage 1

• stage 2

• stage 3

Stage 1

Entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at about age 11 to 13.

Stage 2

Exploring romantic relationships at age 14 to 16.

What are the two types of romantic involvement?

• casual dating

• dating in groups

Casual dating

emerges between individuals who are mutually attracted.

Dating in groups

common and reflects the importance of peers.

Stage 3

Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at age 17 to 19.

What are the two variations in the stages of development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

• early bloomers

• late bloomers

Early bloomers

includes 15 to 20% of 11- to 13-year-olds who say that they are currently in a romantic relationship and 35% who indicate that they have had some prior experience in romantic relationships.

Late bloomers

approximately 10% of 17- to 19-year-olds who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships and another 15% who report that they have not engaged in any romantic relationships that have lasted more than four months.