Reproductive

What is the female homolog of the testes?

Ovaries

What is the female homolog of the penis?

Clitoris

What is the female homolog of the scrotum?

Labia majora

What are the female homologs of the bulbourethral glands?

Greater vestibular glands

What are the female homologs of the prostate gland?

Paraurethral glands

What are the functions of sustentacular cells?

Support sperm development, nourish sperm, form blood-testis barrier, secrete inhibin

What is the function of interstitial (Leydig) cells?

Produce testosterone

What hormone begins male and female puberty?

GnRH

Where is GnRH released from?

Hypothalamus

What does mitosis produce?

2 identical diploid cells

What does meiosis produce?

4 genetically different haploid cells

What does diploid mean?

2 sets of chromosomes

What does haploid mean?

1 set of chromosomes

How many chromosomes are in a primary spermatocyte?

46

How many chromosomes are in a secondary spermatocyte?

23

How many chromosomes are in a spermatid?

23

What is the acrosome of a sperm?

Cap containing enzymes used to penetrate the egg

What organelle is located in the neck of a sperm?

Mitochondria

Why are mitochondria found in the sperm neck?

Provide ATP for movement

What is the flagellum of a sperm?

The tail used for movement

Where is GnRH released from during spermatogenesis regulation?

Hypothalamus

What organ does GnRH target?

Anterior pituitary

How is GnRH released?

In pulses

What two hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

FSH and LH

What is the function of FSH in the male?

Stimulates sustentacular cells and spermatogenesis

What is the function of LH in the male?

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

What happens if too much testosterone is produced?

Negative feedback inhibits GnRH and LH release

What hormone also helps suppress FSH?

Inhibin

Where is GnRH released from during the ovarian cycle?

Hypothalamus

What organ does GnRH target during the ovarian cycle?

Anterior pituitary

What are the two major anterior pituitary hormones involved in the ovarian cycle?

FSH and LH

What is the function of FSH in the female?

Stimulates follicle development and estrogen production

What is the function of LH in the female?

Triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation

What phase occurs during days 1–13 of the ovarian cycle?

Follicular phase

Is the primary oocyte diploid or haploid?

Diploid

Is the secondary oocyte diploid or haploid?

Haploid

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

Ovulation

What is the name of the phase on day 14?

Ovulatory phase

What temporary endocrine gland forms after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

What hormone is mainly released by the corpus luteum?

Progesterone

What two hormones are inhibited by the corpus luteum?

FSH and LH

What structure remains after the corpus luteum regresses?

Corpus albicans

What phase occurs during days 15–28 of the ovarian cycle?

Luteal phase

What hormone is released if fertilization occurs?

hCG

What effect does hCG have on the corpus luteum?

Maintains the corpus luteum

What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual phase

What days are associated with the menstrual phase?

Days 1–5

What happens to blood flow to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

Blood flow decreases causing shedding

What is the second phase of the menstrual cycle?

Proliferative phase

What days are associated with the proliferative phase?

Days 6–14

Which hormone is most active during the proliferative phase?

Estrogen

What is the major purpose of the proliferative phase?

Rebuild and thicken the endometrium

What is the third phase of the menstrual cycle?

Secretory phase

What days are associated with the secretory phase?

Days 15–28

Which hormone is dominant during the secretory phase?

Progesterone

What is the major purpose of the secretory phase?

Prepare the uterus for implantation

What hormone is released again if implantation does not occur?

GnRH

Which ovarian and menstrual cycle phases overlap during days 15–28?

Luteal phase and secretory phase

What is the major function of testosterone?

Development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production

What is the major function of estrogen?

Development of female secondary sex characteristics and endometrial growth

What is the major function of progesterone?

Maintains and prepares the endometrium for implantation

What is ovulation?

Release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary

What is spermatogenesis?

Production of sperm cells

What is oogenesis?

Production of female gametes

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Seminiferous tubules

Where does oogenesis occur?

Ovaries