AP World History 9.5 Flashcards

Nelson Mandela

South African leader who fought against apartheid, becoming the first black president

Negritude

Movement emphasizing pride in African culture and identity, rejecting colonialism

Léopold Senghor

Senegalese poet and political leader, significant figure in the Negritude Movement

Pope Francis

First Latin American pope, known for progressive views on social justice

Liberation Theology

Religious movement combining Catholicism with social justice, focusing on poverty and oppression

W. E. B. Du Bois

African American sociologist and civil rights activist, advocated for black rights and education

Desmond Tutu

Anglican bishop and human rights activist, opposed apartheid in South Africa

F. W. de Klerk

Last apartheid-era president of South Africa, led negotiations to end apartheid

Wangari Maathai

Kenyan environmental activist and Nobel laureate, founded the Green Belt Movement

Earth Day

Annual event since 1970 promoting environmental awareness and protection

Greenpeace

Environmental organization advocating against harmful practices and promoting sustainability

Green Belt Movement

Initiative focused on tree planting and women's empowerment in Kenya

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and human rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN document adopted in 1948 asserting fundamental human rights for all

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

Agency created to provide humanitarian aid to children worldwide

International Court of Justice

Principal judicial body of the UN, resolving disputes between states

Human Rights

Fundamental rights and freedoms entitled to all individuals regardless of status

Refugees

Individuals fleeing their home countries due to conflict, persecution, or disasters

Civil Rights Act

U.S. law passed in 1964 prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act

U.S. law passed in 1965 prohibiting racial discrimination in voting

Apartheid

System of institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s

Pass laws

Regulations in apartheid South Africa requiring black citizens to carry identification documents

African National Congress (ANC)

South African political party formed to end apartheid and promote racial equality

Pariah State

A nation that is internationally ostracized or disapproved due to its policies or actions

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

South African commission established to address human rights violations during apartheid

Dalits

Social group in India historically marginalized, referred to as "untouchables"

Caste Reservation System

Indian policy that allocates certain government jobs and educational opportunities to historically disadvantaged castes

Tiananmen Square

Site of a pro-democracy protest in Beijing in 1989, famously suppressed by the Chinese government