Ap Psychology Unit 1: Disorders

defining psychological disorders

the 3 D's: deviance, distress, and dysfunction

deviance

Does the behavior differ from some established norm

Ex: smacking your head on the door because it feels good(abnormal behavior)

distress

unpleasant emotional, cognitive, or behavioral experiences that cause significant suffering and interfere with daily functioning

dysfunction

Does the behavior lead the person to not be able to function normally

Ex: having to do laundry tons of times for each color of the clothes.

medical model

Psychiatrists believing that mental illnesses should be looked at like physical illnesses, symptoms and diagnosis

diathesis-stress model (nature vs nurture)

Naturists believe that your DNA is what determines who you are. Nuturists believe that the environment in which one grew up in is what determines who you are.

DSM-V

Diagnostic and statistical manual, bible of psych, used to diagnose patients

Rosenhan study 1973

The study sent perfectly sane patients to a mental hospital(they pretended to hear noises to get admitted) then they acted normal throughout their stay in the mental hospital. The result of the study showed that the doctors didn't really care about their patients since they didn't realize that there were perfectly sane people in the hospital, however other patients at the hospital noticed.

panic attacks (anxiety disorder)

heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, shaking, nausea, is an incident where the sufferer feels a lack of control and overwhelming sense of fear or dread and the feeling to need to leave or something bad is going to happen.

phobia (anxiety disorder)

Irrational fear of something

neurotic paradox (phobia)

knowing something isn't the case but still acting like it is. Typically people have phobias because they had a bad experience with something and now fear it.

Ex: being deathly scared of cotton balls which is ridiculous, but they are still deathly scared of it anyway.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (anxiety disorder)

obsession: a thought that a sufferer cannot get out of their head, cognitive

compulsion: Having to do something repetitively for the same number of times until they feel good about it

Ex: the washers who need to

clean something over and over again

until they feel clean or the checkers or hoarders

patients must have both to get diagnosed with OCD

post-traumatic stress disorder (anxiety disorder)

a mental health condition triggered by witnessing or experiencing terrifying, life-threatening events, causing severe anxiety, flashbacks, nightmares, and avoidance behaviors

general anxiety disorder

a mental health condition characterized by persistent, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday, routine life matters for at least six months

somatoform disorders

Physical complaint, mental cause, disorders of the body

Hypochondriasis (somatoform disorder)

People who have an obsession with their health and are always trying to label symptoms with diagnosis. These people are not faking it, the symptoms are real

conversion hysteria (somatoform disorder)

A part of your body that goes numb/limp due to mental reasons

The case of Anna O

Young woman who in the 1880 had a sick father and she cared for him on a nightly cases. As his condition got worse it would play an emotional role on Anna. On a particularly emotional day for Anna, she couldn't see or talk, but not because her mouth/eyes couldn't work but because it was something mental. She also had gloved hands, couldn't feel her hands where one would typically wear a glove(not typical). She was able to regain everything after therapy.

dissociative disorders

to veer away from what's normal, in memory, identity, or geography

dissociative amnesia

The ability to take traumatic experiences and block them out in the present

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID formerly MPD)

A person forms multiple personalities in one conscious mind, they express one personality at a time, some used this as an escape, coping strategy after abuse

dissociative fugue

This is a combination of physical flight and amnesia. Someone could disappear and wake up somewhere completely random, then continue to live life in this new place. They will forget everything from their past life. This could last days or decades. The person won't remember anything they did in this fugue state when they go back to their normal life

Ex: Battered wife syndrome, when a wife is abused by their husband. The wife will use their own body to protect their children or others and be very careful around her husband to not upset him. The abuse gets to a point where the wife will pack a bag, take the kids, and just leave. Then she starts a completely new life in a new place

affective disorders

Emotional disorders, affects mood

clinical depression (affective disorder)

Sometimes called unipolar. It's not all about the sad mood but more emptiness or apathy.

Symptoms include: persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood; feelings of hopelessness or pessimism; feeling of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness; loss of interest or pleasure in ordinary activities; decreased energy/fatigue; difficulty concentrating, remembering, and making decisions; restlessness or irritability; sleep disturbances, loss of appetite and weight or weight gain; chronic pain or other persistent bodily symptoms that are not caused by physical disease; thoughts of death or suicide, attempting suicide

Patients need 5 or more of these symptoms for 2 weeks to get diagnosed

bipolar disorder (affective disorder)

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Depressive state tends to last longer that the euphoric state. There's no one time frame transition between euphoria and depressed.

Symptoms of mania include: increased energy, activity, restlessness, racing thoughts, and rapid talking; excessive "high" or euphoric feeling; extreme irritability or distractibility; decreased need for sleep; unrealistic beliefs in one's ability/powers; poor judgement; sustained period of behavior that is different than usual; increased sex drive; abuse of drugs/medication; provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behaviors, denial that anything is wrong

seasonal affective disorder

Depression but during certain months with less sunlight. Sunlight boosts serotonin which boosts ones mood. People with this might try to get out into the sun during the day if possible before they get deep into depression

Schizophrenia

Psychotic illness marked by disordered thinking and reality break

positive symptoms

having a symptom that you shouldn't have

negative symptoms

not showing a symptom that you should

Ex: having a blank stare

Delusions (Schizophrenia)

False believes, positive symptom

persecutory delusions: When the affect believes that someone is out to get them

grandeur delusions: When the affected believes that they are someone more important than they really are

erotomanic delusions: When the affected believes that they are someone more important than they really are

jealousy delusions: when a person holds a fixed, false, and irrational belief that their partner is unfaithful, despite having no evidence

Hallucinations (Schizophrenia)

seeing and feeling sensations when they aren't there, also known as positive symptom

Word Salad (Schizophrenia)

Words are jumbled together and doesn't make sense, positive symptom

affective disturbance (Schizophrenia)

wrong mood at the wrong time, negative symptom

Ex: laughing at a funeral

motor issues (Schizophrenia)

Repetitive movements or staying still for a long time

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Always believing that someone is out to get them, but there's no evidence that this is actually happening

Catatonic Schizophrenia

regarded as the worst of the worst schizophrenic patients. Prone to major mood swings, repetitive motor motions

Disorganized (Hebephrenic or Exhibitionism) Schizophrenia

primarily known as showing the wrong mood at the wrong time

Residual (Simple) Schizophrenia

Very big on social withdrawal, these people don't leave their house much

Anti-Social personality disorder (psychopath/sociopath)

Anti-social is not someone who is an introvert, these are people who go against society's norms, rules, laws, social morals, and they have no remorse for the crime they commit or the people they harm. Very hard to treat

Ex: Serial Killers--kill people the same way every time, similar to pedophiles

Schizoid (Isolation Personality Disorder)

Real life hermits. Have no interest in human interactions. They prefer to fly solo. They are happy by themself. Nothing to do with Schizophrenia

Avoidant (Isolation Personality Disorder)

These people want to have friends and go out but isolate themselves due to previous experiences like bullying. Best way to not have to deal with this embarrassment is to keep themselves isolated. They avoid interactions. They don't want to get hurt like they did previously.

Manipulative Personality Disorder

To use someone else for one's own benefit. People who take advantage of other people by using the same strategies, like scams. Usually they want some kind of attention

Narcissistic (Manipulative Personality Disorder)

Feigned self-love to cover up for low self esteem, they get self confirmation(compliments) from other people to get that good feeling of themselves. It is not when someone says bad stuff about themselves to make other's gain sympathy for them and give them confirmation.

Histrionic (Manipulative Personality Disorder)

Drama queens, make a BIG deal about something that is not a big deal, make people feel bad about them so that they will feel sympathy for them

Passive-Aggressive (Manipulative Personality Disorder)

passive--not doing anything

Ex: letting someone make a mistake when they know they are making a mistake or not giving information causing the other person to do something wrong, this leads to the aggressive part since it typically causes arguments.

Goes from passive to aggressive in like 5 seconds. People do this in hopes that they can avoid this task in the future. Procrastination is a feature of this

They don't take accountability for what they did

Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)

A need for other people to make decisions for you. People with this disorder feel like they can't perform normally without someone else helping you. They typically stay in a relationship even if they aren't happy because they depend on their spouse. No independence. They can't be their own person. Difficulty when they have to make their own decisions. Have a fear of being abandoned