Ch14 & 15: Exam Review - Acids and Bases

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Acid-Base chemistry concepts, terminology, pH scales, and titration procedures.

Acid (Arrhenius)

A substance that increases the $H^+$ concentration in a solution (water).

Base (Arrhenius)

A substance that increases the $OH^-$ concentration in a solution.

Binary acid

A specific type of acid containing only 2 elements: one must be $H^+$ and the other a monatomic anion.

Oxyanion acid (Oxyacid)

A specific type of acid containing $H^+$ and a polyatomic ion.

Corrosive

A term meaning to degrade or eat away, generally associated with acids.

Alkaline

Another name for a base, particularly when in high concentrations of ionic salts.

Sour

The classification of taste generally associated with acids.

Bitter

The classification of taste generally associated with bases.

Caustic

A term meaning to burn when in contact, often applied to alkaline substances.

Hydronium ion

The name for the $H_3O^+$ ion, which is seen as interchangeable with $H^+$.

Proton

The subatomic particle name for the $H^+$ ion.

Molarity

A measure of concentration expressed as the moles of solute per liter of solution.

Stock or standard solution

A routinely used laboratory solution of known concentration.

Dilution

The process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding additional solvent.

Solvent

Substance found in the larger amount within a mixture.

Solute

Substance found in the smaller amount within a mixture.

Bronsted-Lowry acid

A substance that acts as a proton donor.

Bronsted-Lowry base

A substance that acts as a proton acceptor.

pH range for acids

A range from 0 to 6.99.

pH range for bases

A range from 7.01 to 14.

Phenolphthalein

A common indicator used in acid-base reactions such as titration.

Monoprotic

An acid that releases 1 $H^+$ ion.

Diprotic

An acid that releases 2 $H^+$ ions.

Triprotic

An acid that releases 3 $H^+$ ions.

Amphoteric

A substance that acts as both an acid and a base at the same time.

Conjugate base

The substance that remains after a Bronsted-Lowry acid has donated a proton.

Conjugate acid

The substance that remains after a Bronsted-Lowry base has accepted a proton.

Acidic buffer

A substance made from a weak acid and its conjugate base pair.

Basic buffer

A substance made from a weak base and its conjugate acid pair.

Buffer

A substance that resists significant changes to pH.

Neutralization

A general term meaning to 'cancel out'; an acid-base chemical reaction in which the reactants form a salt and water.

Self-ionization of water

The process when 2 water molecules self-cleave to form $H^+$ and $OH^-$.

Kw

The name for the self-ionization constant of water, which has a numerical value of $1.0 \times 10^{-14}$ at $25^{\circ}C$.

Titration

A method of using a known concentration to determine an unknown concentration.

Analyte

The substance of unknown concentration in a titration, typically placed in the Erlenmeyer flask.

Titrant

The substance of known concentration (standard solution) in a titration, placed in the burette.

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration where the concentration of acid and the concentration of base are equal ($pH = 7$).

End point (titration)

The point in a titration where a color change occurs.

Burette/Buret

A very accurate volumetric device used during titration to dispense the titrant.