Chicano 004 exam 1

What justification was commonly used by school districts for the segregation of Mexican children?

They claimed Mexican children were linguistically and culturally different and needed special instruction in English.

What were some racist stereotypes used to justify segregation of Mexican students?

Mexicans were stereotyped as backward, dirty, or diseased.

How did schools argue segregation would benefit Mexican students?

They argued that segregation would help Mexicans Americanize faster, although it often resulted in inferior education.

What were the conditions like for Mexican children in segregated schools?

They were placed in dilapidated buildings with poor resources and denied access to advanced courses.

What was language suppression in schools for Mexican students?

Students were punished for speaking Spanish.

What role did parents play in resisting school segregation?

Parents formed mutual aid societies and organized escuelitas (community schools) to challenge segregation.

What was the significance of Maestas v. Shone (1914)?

The court ruled segregation unconstitutional, stating Mexican children were legally considered White.

What was the outcome of Alvarez v. Lemon Grove (1931)?

The court ruled in favor of the students, marking the first successful school desegregation case in U.S. history.

What did Mendez v. Westminster (1947) challenge?

It challenged segregation in Orange County, claiming it violated the 14th Amendment.

Who was Jovita Idar?

A journalist, educator, and activist from Texas who fought for Mexican American civil rights.

What was the purpose of the Escuelita Movement?

To teach Spanish literacy, Mexican history, and culture in community-run schools.

By the 1930s–40s, what percentage of Mexican-origin students in Southern California attended segregated schools?

Roughly 80–90%.

What were the conditions for Chicana/o students that led to the East Los Angeles Walkouts in 1968?

Overcrowded, underfunded schools with teachers discouraging higher education.

What demands were made during the East Los Angeles Walkouts?

Bilingual education, more Mexican American teachers, better facilities, and inclusion of Chicano history in the curriculum.

What was 'El Plan de Santa Bárbara'?

A document written by Chicano scholars in 1969 to promote Chicano Studies programs.

What is the political and cultural significance of the term 'Chicano'?

It represents a political identity of pride and resistance.

Who were some of the artists influenced by Mexican muralists during the Chicano Renaissance?

Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco.

What was Chicano Park and its significance?

A park created in 1970 as a symbol of cultural reclamation and self-determination.

What is Judy Baca known for?

She founded SPARC and created 'The Great Wall of Los Angeles', a community mural.

What themes are commonly found in Chicano art?

Identity, resistance, community pride, social justice, and feminism.

Why was printmaking important in Chicano activism?

It was an affordable medium for mass communication of activism and awareness.

What does the term 'Rasquachismo' refer to?

An aesthetic emphasizing resourcefulness and pride in working-class creativity.

What traditional roles were Chicanas often expected to fulfill during the movement?

Supportive tasks like secretarial work, cooking, and childcare.

Who were some prominent women in the Chicano movement?

Dolores Huerta, women in the Brown Berets, and grassroots organizers.

What factors influenced Chicana feminism between 1970-1980?

Sexism within the Chicano Movement and racism in the Women’s Liberation Movement.

What types of organizations emerged to support Chicana feminism?

Adelitas de Aztlán, Hijas de Cuauhtémoc, and the Mujeres Por La Raza Conference.

How did Chicanas engage with cross-racial feminist connections?

They shared concerns with feminists of color about representation and economic justice.

What were Chicanas' critiques of the Women’s Liberation Movement?

They rejected white feminism's bias and advocated for a feminism rooted in race and culture.