Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance in Chemistry

Intracellular fluid

Fluid located inside cells, majority body fluid.

Extracellular fluid

Fluid located outside cells, transports substances.

Intracellular fluid

Fluid located inside cells, majority body fluid.

Extracellular fluid

Fluid located outside cells, transports substances.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid between tissue cells, moves in lymph.

Plasma

Fluid component of blood, contains proteins.

Oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen-hemoglobin complex in red blood cells.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Nonoxygenated form of hemoglobin.

Carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with carbon dioxide.

Chloride shift

Exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions.

Acidosis

Condition of increased acidity in blood.

Alkalosis

Condition of increased alkalinity in blood.

Oxygen transport

Oxygen carried mainly by oxyhemoglobin.

Carbon dioxide transport

CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions primarily.

Normal urine constituents

Includes urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

Urine pH range

Healthy urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0.

Fluid balance

Maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte levels.

Electrolyte balance

Maintaining ion concentrations in body fluids.

Hemoglobin concentration

Human blood contains 15 g hemoglobin per 100 mL.

Bicarbonate ions

Transport most CO2 from tissues to lungs.

Carbonic anhydrase

Enzyme that converts carbonic acid to CO2.

Diffusion

Movement of substances from high to low concentration.

Oxygen partial pressure

Higher in alveoli than in red blood cells.

Blood pressure

Creates pressure differences across capillary walls.

Osmotic pressure

Pressure due to protein concentration differences.

Urine composition

96% water, 4% dissolved waste products.

Respiratory control of pH

Regulates blood pH via CO2 levels.

Urinary control of pH

Regulates blood pH via excretion of H+.

Fluid compartments

Body fluids are compartmentalized into regions.

Chemical transport

Substances must enter bloodstream for transport.

Intracellular fluid

Fluid located inside cells, majority of body fluid.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid filling spaces between tissue cells.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin without bound oxygen.

Chloride shift

Movement of chloride ions to maintain balance.

Oxygen partial pressure

Pressure exerted by oxygen in a mixture.

Carbonic anhydrase

Enzyme that catalyzes carbonic acid formation.

Hemoglobin concentration

15 g hemoglobin per 100 mL blood.

Normal urine pH

Healthy urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0.

Urine constituents

Includes urea, creatinine, and uric acid.

Fluid balance

Maintenance of proper fluid levels in body.

Electrolyte balance

Regulation of ions in body fluids.

Oxygen transport

Oxygen carried mainly by red blood cells.

Blood pressure

Pressure exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls.

Osmotic pressure

Pressure from solute concentration differences.

Chemical transport

Movement of substances through bloodstream.

Body fluid volume

Average adult body contains 42 L of fluids.

Fluid compartments

Divided into intracellular, interstitial, and plasma.

Respiratory control of pH

Regulation of blood pH via CO2 levels.

Urinary control of pH

Regulation of blood pH via kidney function.

Normal urine output

Average daily urine output is 1400 mL.

Protein content

Intracellular fluid has more protein than plasma.

Urine Composition

Used for diagnosing pathological conditions.

Paper Test Strip

Checks urine specimen for abnormal constituents.

Glucosuria

Presence of glucose in urine.

Diabetes Mellitus

Condition causing high glucose levels.

Proteinuria

Presence of protein in urine.

Ketonuria

Presence of ketone bodies in urine.

Hemoglobinuria

Presence of hemoglobin in urine.

Hematuria

Presence of red blood cells in urine.

Bile Pigments

Indicates liver dysfunction or bile duct blockage.

Fluid Balance

Maintained by equal fluid intake and output.

Thirst Mechanism

Stimulated by dehydration to regulate water intake.

Urine Output

Normal is approximately 1400 mL/day.

Vasopressin

Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.

Aldosterone

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and water retention.

Acid-Base Balance

Maintains blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

Alkalosis

Abnormally high blood pH.

Acidosis

Abnormally low blood pH.

Buffer Systems

Maintain constant blood pH through chemical reactions.

Bicarbonate Buffer

Regulates pH with bicarbonate and carbonic acid.

Respiratory Control

Regulates blood acidity by CO2 elimination.

Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing causing decreased CO2 levels.

Hypoventilation

Slow breathing causing increased CO2 levels.

Metabolic Acidosis

Caused by increased H+ levels in blood.

Metabolic Alkalosis

Caused by loss of acid or excess base.

Respiratory Acidosis

Result of hypoventilation decreasing blood pH.

Respiratory Alkalosis

Caused by hyperventilation increasing blood pH.

Treatment for Acidosis

May involve bicarbonate or hemodialysis.

Symptoms of Acidosis

Includes hyperventilation, headache, and disorientation.