Biology Chapter 12 RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

noah you better be studying this (note: the first 10 flaschards are from chapter 12.1, the rest are 12.2)

What is RNA? (What does it stand for, what does it do)

a ribonucleic acid that helps put genetic codes into action. Also consists of a long chain of nucleotides like DNA.

RNA uses the DNA’S instructions to direct the production of ______, which help determine an organism’s ____

proteins, characteristics.

How is RNA different from DNA?

RNA is single-stranded, contains Uracil instead of Thymine, and uses the sugar “ribose” instead of “deoxyribose”.

What is the main role of RNA?

Protein Synthesis.

What are the 3 main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

What is mRNA?

Molecules of RNA that carry copies of instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

what is rRNA and what does it do?

the subunits within the ribosomes that are the cellular machinery responsible for building proteins.

what is transfer RNA?

the third RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message. Acts as a bridge.

What is transcription?

The process of copying a base sequence from DNA to RNA

How is transcription different from replication in DNA?

Transcription results in an RNA molecule

What are proteins made by?

Amino acids that are joined together into chains called polypeptides.

What is the “genetic code”?

The “language” of the four bases adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine.

How is the genetic code read?

The genetic code is read with three bases at a time.

What is a codon?

the three base “word” (For Example: UGA)

What is the start codon?

AUG

What are the three stop codons?

UAA, UGA, and UAG

What is translation?

The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein.

Each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases that are together called an ___

anticodon.

What us point mutation?

 A point mutation occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed.

What is a silent mutation?

When a base change results in the same amino acid. Substitution.

What is a missence mutation?

When a base change results in a different amino acid.

What is a Nonsense mutation

When a base change results in a stop codon.

What process occurs between DNA and RNA?

Transcription

What process occurs between RNA and protein?

Translation.

where is mRNA located?

Nucleus/cytoplasm

Where is rRNA located?

Ribosomes/cytoplasm

where is tRNA located?

ribosomes/cytoplasm

How many amino acids does one codon code for ?

1

What is the monomer/building block for proteins?

amino acids

what type of bonds hold amino acids together in a polypeptide?

Peptide (Covalent)

What is made out of transcription?

An mRNA strand

What is made out of translation?

A protein/polypeptide chain.

Which RNA’s are used in transcription?

DNA and mRNA

Which RNA’s are used in translation?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Where is transcription located?

The nucleus.

where’s translation located?

Inside a ribosome within the cytoplasm.