The Victorian Era

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41 Terms

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Victorian Era

A period marked by significant political and social changes in Britain, characterized by the Industrial Revolution and expansion of the British Empire.

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Queen Victoria

Reigned from 1837 to 1901; became queen at age 18 and was known for her personal traits and deep mourning after her husband's death.

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Industrial Revolution

A shift from an agricultural economy to an industrial one, marked by scientific advancements and new technologies.

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Modern Nationalism

A growing sense of national identity across Europe during the Victorian Era.

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Great Exhibition of 1851

An event held in the Crystal Palace to showcase innovations in technology and industry.

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First Reform Act of 1832

Legislation that extended the right to vote to most middle-class men.

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Evangelical Movement

A religious movement focused on personal salvation that led to the establishment of organizations such as the Salvation Army.

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Utilitarianism

A philosophy promoted by John Stuart Mill advocating for the greatest good for the greatest number.

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Natural Selection

A theory developed by Charles Darwin that explains evolution through the survival of the fittest.

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Victorian Literature

Literature from the Victorian Era characterized by realism and themes of social reform.

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Dramatic Monologue

A form of poetry where a speaker other than the poet delivers a monologue.

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Alfred, Lord Tennyson

A notable Victorian poet known for his long narrative poems and dramatic monologues.

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Realism

A literary movement focusing on the portrayal of everyday life and social issues.

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Social Hierarchy

A strict social structure that limited opportunities for women and the lower classes.

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Prince Albert

He was the husband of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He was significant in promoting various cultural and scientific institutions.

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1833

Abolition of slavery and the Factory Act regulating child labor.`

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1834

Poor Law Amendment established workhouses.

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1871

Trade Union Act legalized labor organizing.

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Oxford Movement (Tractarians)

Sought to bring the Anglican Church closer to Catholic rituals and beliefs.

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John Stuart Mill

Utilitarianism and liberalism.

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Liberalism

Believed the government should restrict individual actions only when they harm others.

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Charles Lyell

Proposed that Earth's geological features developed slowly over long periods. His work laid the foundation for modern geology and influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

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Charles Darwin

Developed the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest."

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Herbert Spencer

Applied Darwin's ideas to society, justifying social inequalities with Social Darwinism.

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Adam Smith

Promoted laissez-faire economics, advocating for minimal government interference in markets.

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Naturalism

Focused on how external forces, rather than human intentions, shape events. Explored themes common to the lower and middle classes.

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Novel

The dominant form of literature. Emily Bronte, Charlotte Bronte, and Charles Dickens.

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1880

Compulsory education.

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Poetry

Developed as an extension of the novel. Writers tried to tell long narrative stories.

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Poetry Form

Emphasis on long narrative poems; the dramatic monologue became a major form.

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Poetry sound

Poets used sound for effect, with both gentle and harsh rhythms.

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Poetry Diction

Poetic language varied from elevated and lofty to colloquial and vulgar.

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Poetry Subjects

Explored love, nature, poverty, social inequality, science vs. religion, and humanity’s relationship with God.

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Robert Browning

Famous for his dramatic monologues.

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Matthew Arnold

Known for his social and political poems.

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Gerard Manley Hopkins

Known for his innovative use of language and rhythm.

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Christina Rossetti

Famous for her lyric poems and exploration of themes like faith and love.

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Known for Sonnets from the Portuguese and her social consciousness.

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Charles Dickens

Famous for works like A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations, and David Copperfield. Known for serializing novels and depicting a wide range of social classes.

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Emily Brontë

Wuthering Heights

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Charlotte Brontë

Jane Eyre