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Victorian Era
A period marked by significant political and social changes in Britain, characterized by the Industrial Revolution and expansion of the British Empire.
Queen Victoria
Reigned from 1837 to 1901; became queen at age 18 and was known for her personal traits and deep mourning after her husband's death.
Industrial Revolution
A shift from an agricultural economy to an industrial one, marked by scientific advancements and new technologies.
Modern Nationalism
A growing sense of national identity across Europe during the Victorian Era.
Great Exhibition of 1851
An event held in the Crystal Palace to showcase innovations in technology and industry.
First Reform Act of 1832
Legislation that extended the right to vote to most middle-class men.
Evangelical Movement
A religious movement focused on personal salvation that led to the establishment of organizations such as the Salvation Army.
Utilitarianism
A philosophy promoted by John Stuart Mill advocating for the greatest good for the greatest number.
Natural Selection
A theory developed by Charles Darwin that explains evolution through the survival of the fittest.
Victorian Literature
Literature from the Victorian Era characterized by realism and themes of social reform.
Dramatic Monologue
A form of poetry where a speaker other than the poet delivers a monologue.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
A notable Victorian poet known for his long narrative poems and dramatic monologues.
Realism
A literary movement focusing on the portrayal of everyday life and social issues.
Social Hierarchy
A strict social structure that limited opportunities for women and the lower classes.
Prince Albert
He was the husband of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He was significant in promoting various cultural and scientific institutions.
1833
Abolition of slavery and the Factory Act regulating child labor.`
1834
Poor Law Amendment established workhouses.
1871
Trade Union Act legalized labor organizing.
Oxford Movement (Tractarians)
Sought to bring the Anglican Church closer to Catholic rituals and beliefs.
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism and liberalism.
Liberalism
Believed the government should restrict individual actions only when they harm others.
Charles Lyell
Proposed that Earth's geological features developed slowly over long periods. His work laid the foundation for modern geology and influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
Charles Darwin
Developed the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest."
Herbert Spencer
Applied Darwin's ideas to society, justifying social inequalities with Social Darwinism.
Adam Smith
Promoted laissez-faire economics, advocating for minimal government interference in markets.
Naturalism
Focused on how external forces, rather than human intentions, shape events. Explored themes common to the lower and middle classes.
Novel
The dominant form of literature. Emily Bronte, Charlotte Bronte, and Charles Dickens.
1880
Compulsory education.
Poetry
Developed as an extension of the novel. Writers tried to tell long narrative stories.
Poetry Form
Emphasis on long narrative poems; the dramatic monologue became a major form.
Poetry sound
Poets used sound for effect, with both gentle and harsh rhythms.
Poetry Diction
Poetic language varied from elevated and lofty to colloquial and vulgar.
Poetry Subjects
Explored love, nature, poverty, social inequality, science vs. religion, and humanity’s relationship with God.
Robert Browning
Famous for his dramatic monologues.
Matthew Arnold
Known for his social and political poems.
Gerard Manley Hopkins
Known for his innovative use of language and rhythm.
Christina Rossetti
Famous for her lyric poems and exploration of themes like faith and love.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
Known for Sonnets from the Portuguese and her social consciousness.
Charles Dickens
Famous for works like A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations, and David Copperfield. Known for serializing novels and depicting a wide range of social classes.
Emily Brontë
Wuthering Heights
Charlotte Brontë
Jane Eyre