Key Topics in Chicano Studies Exam Review

Los Angeles Intifada (Riots) - Why

Rooted in racial inequality, police brutality, economic disparity, and the long history of systemic racism.

Los Angeles Intifada (Riots) - Where

Los Angeles, California, USA.

School of the Americas (SOA)

A U.S. Army training school for Latin American military personnel, notorious for training soldiers who would go on to commit human rights violations.

School of the Americas (SOA) - Who

A U.S. military training facility, and the U.S. government which operated it.

School of the Americas (SOA) - When

Established in 1946, operated until 2000 under the name 'School of the Americas,' later renamed the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC).

School of the Americas (SOA) - Why

Created to provide military training to Latin American officers, it became infamous for its role in training personnel involved in repressive regimes and human rights abuses, particularly during the Cold War era.

School of the Americas (SOA) - Where

Fort Benning, Georgia, USA.

Neoliberalism

An economic and political philosophy that emphasizes deregulation of industries, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and free-market capitalism.

Neoliberalism - Who

Politicians, economists, and institutions like the IMF and World Bank that advocate for free-market policies.

Neoliberalism - When

Gained significant prominence in the late 20th century (1970s-1980s), particularly under leaders like Ronald Reagan in the U.S. and Margaret Thatcher in the UK.

Neoliberalism - Why

The ideology emerged as a response to perceived inefficiencies in Keynesian economics, advocating for less government intervention in the economy.

Neoliberalism - Where

Neoliberalism has been influential globally, especially in the Global South, where it has shaped development policies in countries like Chile, Mexico, and across Africa.

Alex Odeh

A Palestinian-American activist and the regional director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC).

Alex Odeh - What

Odeh was killed in a bombing in 1985, which was believed to have been carried out by right-wing extremists who opposed his activism.

Alex Odeh - When

September 11, 1985.

Alex Odeh - Why

Odeh was targeted because of his vocal advocacy for Palestinian rights and his opposition to U.S. policies in the Middle East.

Alex Odeh - Where

Santa Ana, California, USA.

Los Angeles Intifada (Riots)

A series of uprisings and protests in Los Angeles, particularly after the 1992 Rodney King verdict.

Los Angeles Intifada (Riots) - Who

Primarily African American and Latino youth, as well as activists in Los Angeles.

Los Angeles Intifada (Riots) - When

The 1992 Los Angeles Riots, which were sparked by the acquittal of four white police officers in the beating of Rodney King.

Rufina Amaya

A Salvadoran woman who survived the El Mozote Massacre.

Rufina Amaya - What

Rufina Amaya was the only known survivor of the 1981 massacre of over 800 civilians by the Salvadoran army in the village of El Mozote.

Rufina Amaya - When

The massacre occurred in December 1981; Amaya survived and went public with her story in the 1990s.

Rufina Amaya - Why

The massacre was part of the Salvadoran government's counterinsurgency operations during the Salvadoran Civil War.

Rufina Amaya - Where

El Mozote, El Salvador.

El Mozote Massacre

A mass killing of over 800 civilians, including men, women, and children, during the Salvadoran Civil War.

El Mozote Massacre - Who

Perpetrated by the Salvadoran Army's Atlacatl Battalion, primarily targeting civilians.

El Mozote Massacre - When

December 11-13, 1981.

El Mozote Massacre - Why

The massacre was part of a broader campaign by the Salvadoran government to eliminate suspected guerilla sympathizers during the civil war.

El Mozote Massacre - Where

El Mozote, a small village in the Morazán Department of El Salvador.

Archbishop Oscar Romero

Oscar Romero, the Archbishop of San Salvador, became a key figure in advocating for human rights during El Salvador's civil war.

Archbishop Oscar Romero - What

Romero was known for his outspoken opposition to the human rights abuses committed by the military dictatorship in El Salvador.

Archbishop Oscar Romero - When

He was assassinated on March 24, 1980.

Archbishop Oscar Romero - Why

Romero's vocal criticism of the government, military, and oligarchy, and his advocacy for the poor and marginalized, made him a target of death squads aligned with the government.

Archbishop Oscar Romero - Where

San Salvador, El Salvador, at the San Salvador Cathedral.

Sanctuary Movement

A political and religious movement in the 1980s that aimed to provide refuge to Central American refugees fleeing violence, particularly from El Salvador and Guatemala.

Sanctuary Movement - Who

Religious activists, including many Christian leaders and communities, particularly in the U.S.

Sanctuary Movement - When

Began in the early 1980s and continued into the late 1980s.

Sanctuary Movement - Why

Driven by moral and religious convictions, the movement aimed to protect refugees fleeing government-sponsored violence, which the U.S. had tacitly supported during the Cold War.

Sanctuary Movement - Where

Mainly in the U.S., particularly in cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Tucson.

Father Luis Olivares

A Catholic priest and prominent leader in the Sanctuary Movement in the U.S.

Father Luis Olivares - What

Father Olivares was a key figure in offering sanctuary to Salvadoran refugees in Los Angeles.

Father Luis Olivares - When

His work was most prominent during the 1980s.

Father Luis Olivares - Why

He was motivated by his religious convictions to support refugees fleeing violence in Central America, as well as his opposition to U.S. foreign policy in the region.

Father Luis Olivares - Where

Los Angeles, California, USA.

Carol Anderson / White Rage

Anderson's book White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide examines the historical and ongoing systemic forces that perpetuate white supremacy and the disadvantage of Black Americans.

Carol Anderson / White Rage - Who

Carol Anderson, an African American scholar and historian.

Carol Anderson / White Rage - When

White Rage was published in 2016.

Carol Anderson / White Rage - Why

Anderson argues that episodes of racial progress are often met with backlash by white Americans who feel their dominance is threatened, thus fueling racial inequality and tension.

Carol Anderson / White Rage - Where

Anderson primarily analyzes the U.S. context.

Reagan and MAGA (Make America Great Again)

Reagan's policies were marked by conservative economic reforms, a tough stance on communism, and an embrace of nationalism.

Reagan and MAGA - Who

Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, and the political movement associated with Donald Trump.

Reagan and MAGA - When

Reagan served as president from 1981 to 1989; MAGA became popular in the 2010s.

Reagan and MAGA - Why

Reagan's policies aimed to reduce government intervention in the economy, build military strength, and promote conservative values.

Reagan and MAGA - Where

Primarily in the United States.

Liberation Theology

A Christian theological movement that emphasizes social justice, advocating for the liberation of oppressed people, particularly the poor, through activism and political engagement.

Father Roy Bourgeois and School of the Americas Watch (SOAW)

Bourgeois and SOAW work to expose and protest the activities of the U.S.-based School of the Americas, which has trained military personnel from Latin America linked to human rights violations.

School of the Americas Awareness Week

An annual event that aims to raise awareness about the human rights violations committed by graduates of the U.S.-run School of the Americas. The week involves protests, educational events, and advocacy to close the school.

Bernadette Godinez

Godinez was instrumental in the Chicano civil rights movement, working for educational reform and greater representation of Chicano students.

Sacrificial Activism

A form of activism where individuals or groups are willing to sacrifice personal safety, well-being, or even life to draw attention to social or political issues.

Casas de Carton

'Casas de Carton' (Cardboard Houses) refers to makeshift shelters constructed from cardboard, often used by the homeless or those living in extreme poverty in urban slums.

Voces Inocentes

A 2004 film that portrays the devastating impact of the Salvadoran Civil War (1979-1992) on children, following the story of a young boy whose family struggles to survive in a war-torn country.

Oscar Torres

Oscar Torres is known for co-writing the script for Voces Inocentes (Innocent Voices) and for his work in raising awareness about the human cost of war, particularly in Central America.

Proposition 187

A 1994 California ballot initiative that sought to deny undocumented immigrants access to public services, including health care, education, and other welfare benefits.

Jose Angel Gutierrez and One-Stop Immigration

Gutiérrez is a key figure in Chicano and Latino rights movements, and One-Stop Immigration refers to community-based organizations providing immigrants with comprehensive services, from legal assistance to social services.

Antonia Hernandez

A prominent Mexican-American attorney and civil rights leader, President and CEO of the California Community Foundation, active since the 1980s in advocating for Latino rights.

Culture Clash

A San Francisco-based performance troupe founded in 1984, known for satirical portrayals of cultural conflicts, focusing on race, immigration, and identity.

Tree of Life Synagogue

A Jewish congregation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, infamous for the tragic shooting on October 27, 2018, which resulted in 11 deaths.

El Paso Wal-Mart Shooting

A mass shooting that occurred on August 3, 2019, at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas, where 23 people were killed, targeting Hispanics.

McDonald's Massacre (San Ysidro)

On July 18, 1984, James Huberty opened fire in a McDonald's in San Ysidro, California, killing 21 people and injuring 19 others.

Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (CISPES)

An activist group formed in the 1980s by U.S. citizens to advocate for human rights in El Salvador and protest U.S. military aid.

Angela Sanbrano

A key activist for Latino and immigrant rights, instrumental in organizing immigrant communities and lobbying for inclusive policies since the 1980s.

Anti-apartheid Movement

A global coalition aimed at ending apartheid in South Africa, involving grassroots resistance and international pressure, gaining traction in the 1950s and 1960s.

Rigoberta Menchú

A K'iche' Maya woman from Guatemala known for her advocacy of indigenous rights and Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1992.

Operation Gatekeeper

A U.S. immigration enforcement initiative launched in 1994 to prevent illegal immigration along the U.S.-Mexico border, criticized for increasing migrant deaths.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A trilateral trade agreement signed in 1992 between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, aimed at eliminating trade barriers, effective January 1, 1994.

Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)

A revolutionary leftist group that rose to prominence in 1994, known for their armed uprising in Chiapas, Mexico, protesting the effects of NAFTA and advocating for indigenous rights, land reform, and anti-globalization.

Subcomandante Marcos

The leader of the Zapatista movement, now known as Galeano, made up of mostly indigenous people from Chiapas, Mexico.

Year of the Boomerang

"Year of the Boomerang" refers to the idea that Western imperialism and economic exploitation would eventually lead to blowback, or a "boomerang effect," where the negative consequences of exploitation would return to harm the countries responsible.

1993 UCLA Hunger Strike

A hunger strike that took place at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), protesting the lack of Chicano/Latino studies programs and advocating for greater representation and institutional support for Chicano students.

False vs. True Generosity

The distinction between "false generosity," where acts of charity or assistance maintain the power dynamics of oppression, and "true generosity," which seeks to dismantle systems of power and inequality.

Cindy Montanez

A Latina political leader and former member of the California State Assembly, known for her work on environmental issues, housing, and education.

1994 UCSB Hunger Strike

A hunger strike that occurred at UCSB to demand the creation of a Chicano/Latino Studies program and greater institutional support for Latino students.

El Centro Arnulfo Casillas

A community-based center that provides support for Chicano students and advocates for educational and social justice, named after Chicano civil rights leader Arnulfo Casillas.

Naomi Garcia

An activist and community organizer involved in various social justice movements, particularly those centered around immigrant rights, labor rights, and the rights of marginalized communities.

Alma Flores

A social justice advocate and organizer associated with Chicana feminist movements, focusing on labor rights, racial justice, and gender equity.

Oscar Gomez Jr.

An activist and community organizer focused on Latino civil rights, involved in efforts to promote education reform, voting rights, and racial justice for Latino communities.

1968 North Hall Computer Center Takeover

In 1968, students at UCLA occupied the North Hall Computer Center to demand greater representation of Black students in university programs and a curriculum that addressed their concerns.

Takeover

The takeover occurred in 1968.

Protests at UCLA

Students were protesting against systemic racism at UCLA and the lack of institutional support for Black students, as well as demanding more resources for Black studies programs.

Location of Protests

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA.

Zoraida Reyes

A Chicana activist and educator who has worked extensively on issues related to the Chicano community and education.

Advocacy for Latino Students

Reyes has been involved in advocating for greater educational access for Latino students and for the inclusion of Chicano/Latino studies programs in higher education.

Active Period of Zoraida Reyes

Active primarily in the 1970s and 1980s during the Chicano civil rights movement.

Social Justice Advocacy

Reyes advocated for social justice, specifically fighting for the rights of Chicano students, especially in the context of educational inequality and the lack of representation in academia.

Location of Reyes' Advocacy

Primarily in California, where much of the Chicano rights movement was concentrated.

Spectacular Speech

The concept of 'Spectacular Speech' is tied to critical communication theories and social movements.

Definition of Spectacular Speech

Spectacular Speech refers to forms of protest or speech that demand attention through dramatic, often visually striking methods.

Prominence of Spectacular Speech

The term has become prominent in the context of postmodern and contemporary social movements, particularly from the late 20th century onwards.

Purpose of Spectacular Speech

The use of spectacular speech aims to break through the noise of conventional political discourse and force an issue into the public eye by making it impossible to ignore.