Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition

Insulin

is a hormone that is secreted by cells in the pancreas when the blood glucose level is elevated.

Vitamins

are organic, or carbon- containing compounds at are vital for health but are required in only minute amounts.

Lingual lipase

plays only a minor role in digestion, mostly once it has been swallowed into the stomach.

small intestine

The is a long tube 1at is folded into a compact space within the abdomen.

bolus of food

Once a(n) is swallowed, it enters a muscular tube called the esophagus, which connects the mouth and stomach.

array of bird

In a(n) species, the esophagus has a prominent, widened segment called the crop where food can be stored and, in some cases, processed.

antelope

In cattle, sheep, goats, deer, , giraffe, and pronghorn- species that are collectively called ruminants- the stomach is specialized for digesting cellulose instead of proteins.

Minerals

are inorganic substances used as components of enzyme cofactors or structural materials.

inferior ends

The stomach is a tough, muscular pouch in the digestive tract, bracketed on both the superior and by ringlike muscles called sphincters, which control the passage of material.

diabetes mellitus

People with have an abnormally high level of glucose in their blood because cells can not import glucose.

BMI

is calculated as body mass (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.

salivary enzyme

Cells in the tongue synthesize and secrete another , lingual lipase, which begins the digestion of lipids by breaking triglycerides, a common form of fat in the diet, into diglycerides and fatty acids.

Salivary amylase

, the enzyme responsible for carbohydrate digestion in the mouth, is one of 1e best- studied enzymes.

Salivary glands

in the mouth secrete amylase and also produce the slimy substance called mucus.

A carbohydrate, protein, or fat is an example of a nutrient

a substance that an organism needs to remain alive

Essential amino acids

amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize from simpler building blocks

Essential fatty acids

fatty acids that an animal must obtain in its diet

adaptive radiation

the diversification of a single ancestral lineage into many species, each of which lives in a different habitat or exhibits a distinct form

esophagus

connects the mouth and stomach