Lab 10: The Nervous System

Olfactory (I)

ability to smell odor

Optic (II)

check vision, peripheral vision, senses brightness of light

Oculomotor (III)

constrictor muscles of pupil, eye movement

trochlear (IV)

moves eyes downward at same time as laterally

trigeminal (V)

sensation on face, muscles closing and opening jaw

abducens (VI)

abducts eyes

facial (VII)

muscles of facial expression, closing eyelids

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

hearing

glossopharyngeal (IX)

elevates pharynx (during talking and swallowing)

vagus (X)

nearly all phalangeal muscles, swallowing

accessory (XI)

check via strength of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid (shrug shoulders, turn head—against resistance)

hypoglossal (XII)

tongue muscles

axons

processes that carry a signal away from the cell body 

dendrites

carry signals toward the cell body

nuclei

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

ganglia

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

peripheral nerve 

bundles of axons/dendrites

tracts

bundles of myelinated axons/dendrites in the CNS

what makes up myelin sheaths in the PNS

schwann cells

what makes up myelin sheaths in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

synpases

where neurons trigger other neurons 

neurotransmitters

chemicals that travel across the space between the neurons

4 regions of the brain

1. frontal

2. parietal

3. temporal

4. occipital

function of frontal lobe

executive functioning

function of parietal lobe

process sensory information 

function of temporal lobe

auditory processing

function of occipital lobe

visual perception

primary structures of frontal lobe

1. primary motor cortex

2. premotor cortex

3. frontal eye field

4. Broca’s areas

primary motor cortex

voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

premotor cortex

regulates and plans motor output

frontal eye field

control of eye movement and visual attention

Broca’s area

controls muscles involved in speech production and plans nonspeech motor functions

structures of parietal lobe

1. primary somatosensory cortex

2. somatosensory association cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

receives information from body’s sensory receptors in skin

somatosensory association cortex

processes and interprets sensory information from the body

temporal lobe structures

1. auditory association area

2. primary auditory cortex

3. Wermicke’s area

auditory association area and primary auditory cortex

processes and interprets auditory information 

Wermicke’s area

speech comprehension and reading

occipital lobe and its structures

1. primary visual cortex

2. visual association area

primary visual cortex and visual association area

processes and interprets visual information

3 meninges

1. dura mater (superficial)

2. arachnoid matter (intermediate)

3. pia mater (deepest)

liquid in dural sinuses

blood

liquid in subdural space

none

liquid in subarachnoid space

CSF

falx cerebri

divides right and left cerebral hemispheres

falx cerebelli

divides right and left cerebral hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli 

divides cerebrum and brainstem

meningistis

viral or bacterial infection of meninges

CSF

watery cushion that circulates around the brain and spinal cord

CSF function

protection, buoyancy, circulation, homeostasis, barrier, immune

hydrocephalus

excess ECF in brain 

hydrocephalus cause

obstructed drainage or circulation resulting in tumors or anatomical deviations

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

lateral sulcus

separates frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal + occipital lobes

corpus collusum

acts as a bridge between the brain’s left and right hemispheres, enabling communication and information transfer

hypothalamus

thalamus

midbrain

pons

center of stem

medulla oblongata

end of stem

diencephalon

cerebellum

pre-motor cortex

helps plan and select movements by integrating sensory and cognitive functions

somatosensory association cortex

interprets and gives meaning to touch sensations by integrating information from the primary somatosensory cortex

arbor vita

tree-like pattern of white matter found on cerebellum

what is white matter made out of 

myelinated axons

what is grey matter made out of

neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites and unmyelinated axons