Biochemistry Section Boards Part 1 More

Anything to do with glucose

Carbs

Anything to do with fatty

Lipids/fats

Enzymes create

Proteins

Proteins create

Enzymes

Central alpha carbon

Hydrogen

Carboxyl group

Amine group

R group (side chain)=determines function

Components of amino acids

Most abundant amino acids

Non amino acid

Have to eat

Essential amino acids

Phenylalanine

Valine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine

PVT TIM HALL

Essential amino acids

Not essential amino acid

Tyrosine

Foods that contain all ten essential amino acids

Animal proteins

Complete

Majority of plan proteins

Incomplete proteins

Wheat lacking

Lysine

Rice lacking

Lysine

Legumes lacking

Methionine

Maize lacking

Lysine and Tryptophan

Pulses lacking

Methionine (or Cysteine)

Eggs/chicken lacking

None

Methionine

Cysteine

Cystine

To be an MCC you have to have Soul

Sulfur containing amino acids

Leucine

Isoleucine

Valine

LIV on a Branch

Branch chain amino acids

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

Tryptophan

Your Pal Tyrone will Tryp you in the ring

Aromatic amino acids

Glucogenic amino acids create

Pyruvate or Intermediates of Krebs cycle

Ketogenic amino acids create

Acetoacetyl CoA

Leucine

Lysine

Ketogenic amino acids

Lysine is a precursor to

Carnitine

Carnitine used in

Fatty acid degradation

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

A city of Ass and Glutes

Acidic amino acids

Histidine

Arginine

Lysine

HAL lives on a Base

Basic amino acids

Phenylalanine derived from

Tyrosine

Tyrosine converted into

T3, T4, and L-Dopa

L-Dopa broken down into

Melanin and Dopamine

Dopamine broken down into

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine broken down into

Epinephrine

Enzymes that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase

PKU

Tryptophan converted into

Serotonin and Niacin

Serotonin broken down into

Melatonin

Niacin broken into

Nicotinamide

Composed of

Glycine

Glutamate

Cysteine

Glutathione

Glutathione cofactor

Selenium

Proteins held together by

Peptide bonds

Secondary structure bond

Hydrogen

Example of secondary structure

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (DNA)

Tertiary structure bond

disulfide bond

Tertiary structure example

Myoglobin

Quaternary structure bond

Hydrogen and disulfide

Quaternary structure example

Hemoglobin

Proteins comprised of amino acids

Enzymes

Increase rate of reaction by lowering activation energy

Enzymes

Molecule that enzyme acts upon

Substrate

Rate limiting enzymes

Allosteric enzymes

Measure affinity enzyme has toward substrate

Km

Maximum velocity of enzyme

Vmax

Km=

1/2 vmax

Increased km

No change in vmax

Competitive inhibition

No change in km

Decreased vmax

Noncompetitive inhibition

When gibbs free energy is 0

Equilibrium

When gibbs free energy is positive

Non spontaneous and unfavorable

When Gibbs free energy is negative

Spontaneous and favorable

Composed of sugars. (Glucose), starches, and fiber

Carbs

Glucose

Galactose

Mannose

Ribose

Fructose

Monosaccharides

Different compounds with same chemical formula

Isomers

Glucose and galactose are

C-4 epimers

Glucose and mannose are

C-2 epimers

Glucose plus fructose

Sucrose

Galactose plus glucose

Lactose

Glucose plus glucose

Maltose

Glucose and fructose bonded at

Alpha 1, beta 2 linkage

Galactose and glucose bonded at

Beta 1, 4 linkage

Glucose and glucose bonded at

Alpha 1, 4 linkage

Most branches of polysaccharides

Glycogen

Humans can't break down

Cellulose

How many gags in body

2

Lipids/fats held together by

Ester bonds

3 fatty acids, glycerol backbone, and ester bonds

Triacylglycerols

Single bonds

Saturated fatty acids

Double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids

found in the phospholipid bilayer

Unsaturated fatty acids

2 fatty acids, polar head, glycerol 3 phosphate

Phospholipids

Oleic acid

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

Arachidonic acid

Unsaturated fats

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

Arachidonic acid

Essential fatty acids

Cholesterol creates

Steroids

Goal of cholesterol synthesis

Convert acetyl coa to cholesterol

Cholesterol rate limiting enzyme

HMG coA reductase

Cholesterol intermediate

Squalene

Goal of steroid synthesis

Convert cholesterol to steroid hormones

Steroid rate limiting enzyme

Desmolase

Good

HDL

Bad

VLDL, IDL, LDL

IgA

Secretory

IgE

Parasitic infection, allergic reactions

First exposure

IgM

Second exposure

IgG

IgG

Crosses placenta

Baby gets from mom

Gee thanks mom

IgA

Breast milk

Baby gets from mom