bio sem 1 midterm 1

What is the strongest chemical interaction inside cells?

Covalent bond

What functional groups can participate in ionic interactions?

Amine

Where can you find a phosphate group in cells?

Nucleic acids

Where can you find an amine group in cells?

The N-terminus of a protein

What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond linking amino acids together

What interaction can stabilize secondary protein structure?

Hydrogen bonds

What type of interaction can involve hydrophobic functional groups?

Hydrophobic interactions

What is the N-terminus of a protein?

The end with the free amino group

What is the C-terminus of a protein?

The end with the free carboxyl group

What happens to hemoglobin's oxygen affinity when BPG levels increase?

Oxygen affinity decreases

What does increased BPG favor?

The T state of hemoglobin

How does fetal hemoglobin differ from adult hemoglobin?

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

What is cooperativity?

Binding of one oxygen molecule affects hemoglobin's affinity for additional oxygen molecules

What does an oxygen-binding protein with no cooperativity have?

A non-sigmoidal or hyperbolic oxygen saturation curve

What levels of protein structure does hemoglobin have?

Primary

What type of interaction drives hemoglobin polymerization in Sickle Cell Disease?

Hydrophobic interactions

Why does exercise increase sickling in Sickle Cell Disease?

Exercise causes decreased O2

What happens to hemoglobin in the T state?

It has lower oxygen affinity and is more likely to polymerize

How does a blood transfusion help treat Sickle Cell Disease?

It increases the proportion of red blood cells with hemoglobin that will not polymerize

What is an advantage of gene editing coupled with stem cell transplant?

It has the potential to cure the disease

How can you tell a nucleic acid strand is RNA?

It contains uracil (U)

What does antiparallel mean?

One nucleic acid strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'

What is complementary base pairing?

A pairs with T in DNA

Which point mutation is most likely to cause the biggest change in protein function?

AGA → AUA

How does gRNA bind to a specific gene sequence?

Through complementary base pairing

Why do A and T only form two hydrogen bonds?

The bottom H on adenine is covalently bound to carbon

What base does DNA use instead of uracil?

Thymine (T)

What base does RNA use instead of thymine?

Uracil (U)

Can RNA participate in complementary base pairing?

Yes

How are DNA and RNA sugars different?

DNA does not have the extra OH group that RNA has

How is most CO2 transported in the blood?

Most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Is some CO2 transported bound to hemoglobin?

Yes

What interaction holds an alpha helix together?

Hydrogen bonds

What holds the DNA double helix together?

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

What type of bond forms a disulfide bridge?

Covalent bond

What interaction is involved in BPG interacting with hemoglobin?

Hydrogen bonds

What is a structure/function relationship?

An object's physical structure allows it to perform its specific function

How do red blood cells' structures relate to their function?

They are small and flexible

Is iron required for hemoglobin to bind oxygen?

True

Which functional group is not charged at pH 7?

Hydroxyl

Which functional groups are charged at pH 7?

Phosphate