Lecture Notes: Pathology Terms (Tissue Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Gout, Amyloidosis, Hemorrhage, and Related Concepts)

Vocabulary flashcards (EN) extracted from the supplied lecture notes.

Aplasia (macroscopic)

Total absence of tissue or organ; macroscopic appearance is aplasia.

Lethal aplasia

Aplasia of the heart and brain.

Aplasia (microscopic)

Complete absence of tissue or organ; microscopic appearance.

Physiologic atrophy

Decrease in size of cells due to normal metabolic processes.

Senile atrophy

Aging-related atrophy; reproductive organs first to show; CNS organs last to show.

Starvation atrophy

Diminution in size of cells as a result of inadequate nutrition.

Disuse atrophy

Decrease in size of cells due to inactivity; muscle cells shrink and are replaced by connective and adipose tissue.

Brown atrophy

Old animals with wasting diseases show brown pigment (lipofuscin) near nuclei in muscle cells.

Emaciation

Severe wasting condition due to malnutrition.

Cachexia

Extreme emaciation in diseases like cancer, tuberculosis, or paratuberculosis.

Pressure atrophy

Atrophy caused by continuous pressure reducing blood supply over time.

Neurotrophic atrophy

Decrease in cell size due to injury to the nervous system.

Angiotrophic atrophy

Decrease in cell size due to anemia.

Endocrine atrophy

Cells altered by excessive or inadequate endocrine secretion.

Physiologic hypertrophy

Hypertrophy due to increased functioning or workload of an organ.

Pathologic hypertrophy

Hypertrophy arising from disease or long-term stress on organs.

Compensatory hypertrophy

One kidney enlarges due to dysfunction or loss of the opposite kidney.

Prostate

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy can occur together in this structure.

Tumors

Abnormal cell hyperplasia.

Highly chlorinated naphthalene

Causes hyperplasia of the epithelium of the skin and bile ducts.

Excessive heat or cold (long-term)

Hyperplasia of epithelium and connective tissue of the skin.

Goiter

Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland due to not enough thyroxine; compensatory or congenital.

Stratified epithelium

Metaplasia is common in stratified epithelium.

Esophagus metaplasia

Squamous cell metaplasia in the esophagus.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; metabolism of carbohydrates and fats; energy source.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Vital for synthesizing proteins for secretion.

Cell injury

Leads to disturbances in cell metabolism.

Infiltration

Deposition of substances within or between cells; disturbance in fat metabolism.

Birds, apes and reptiles (gout susceptibility)

Most susceptible to gout due to uric acid production.

Uric acid

Predominant waste product of birds and reptiles.

Uricotelic mechanism

Excretion where uric acid is the primary waste product; produced by liver and excreted largely as potassium salts to minimize water loss.

Gout (poultry macroscopic)

Renal injury with crystals visible in kidneys/ureters; macroscopic gout in poultry.

Gout (poultry microscopic)

Needle-shaped crystals and bundles of sodium and calcium urates in tissues.

Gout (other animals macroscopic)

Crystals of urates seen in kidneys (tubules and medulla).

Gout (other animals microscopic)

Crystals observed in paraffin-embedded tissue; salts in clefts; crystals seen in frozen sections.

Metabolism of uric acid in primates

Uric acid oxidized to urea and excreted in urine.

Metabolism of uric acid in domestic mammals

Mammals have uricase converting uric acid to allantoin for excretion.

Gieson stain

Amyloid stains yellow; hyaline stains red (CT indicator).

Stratum corneum

Homogenous pink mass in H&E; outer skin layer.

Mucous surface (mouth)

Bluish-pink color with H&E staining.

Fusing of cells/tissues

Coagulation and dehydration of the involved protein.

CT hyaline, keratohyaline and cellular hyaline

Three types of hyaline degeneration.

Hyaline degeneration in poultry muscle

Lesion of avian monocytosis (pullet disease).

CY hyaline degeneration

Common form of hyaline degeneration.

Scar tissue

Fibrous, dense connective tissue replacing normal tissue during healing.

Compression of blood vessels

Connective tissue hyaline; can cause strangulation by deposits.

Invalidism

Possible result of CT hyaline degeneration due to weak tissues.

Physiological keratohyaline

Produced during normal cornification of the skin (calluses).

Pathological keratohyaline

Excessive cutaneous irritation (papillomavirus) in cattle and dogs.

Veins

Part of BV where embolus does not lodge.

Xanthomatosis

Orange-yellow wattles in poultry with foam cells.

Warts

Cutaneous alteration observed in hyperkeratosis in bovine.

Vitamin E deficiency

Related to muscle tissue hyaline degeneration.

Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

Two kinds of hyperkeratosis.

SCC (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)

Most common epithelial tumor; keratohyaline in epithelial pearl.

Ichthyosis

Congenital or acquired; horny scales of keratohyaline on skin surface.

Vitamin A deficiency

Epithelial keratinization in URT and digestive tract; skin sloughing.

Vitamin A

Important for skin integrity.

Thromboembolism

Thrombus straddles the bifurcation of a vessel.

Epithelium returns to normal

Resolution when etiologic agent removed; keratohyaline desquamates.

Fibrin

May form hyaline masses in blood clots.

Fibrinoid degeneration

Metachromatic staining; mixed staining; described more in humans; less in veterinary literature.

Brain sand

Calcified deposits in ventricles and central canal of brain.

Hyalinization of thrombocytes

Beneficial in clot formation.

Amyloid

Extracellular, homogenous translucent macroprotein; resembles starch.

Amyloid in spleen

Small masses around central artery of splenic corpuscles.

Amyloid in liver

Between endothelium of vascular sinuses and hepatic cords.

Amyloid in kidneys

Between capillary endothelium and epithelium of glomerular tuft.

Amyloid in pancreas

Between capillaries and islet of Langerhans.

Amyloid in conjunctiva (equine)

Perivascular in submucosa and surrounding conjunctival tissues.

Amyloid in respiratory passages

Perivascular in submucosa of the entire respiratory tract.

Lugol’s solution and sulfuric acid staining

Identify amyloid deposits; mature deposits color dark mahogany brown, blue or black.

Congo Red

Classic stain to diagnose amyloidosis.

Aniline Dye

Metachromic reaction in presence of mature amyloids.

Stenosis

Enlarged amyloid mass presses upon enclosed vessels.

White color (mucous)

White mucous color observed in dogs.

Yellow color (mucous)

Yellow mucous color observed in horses or large animals.

Influenza cases

Microscopic lesions show mucin in cytoplasm.

True Mucin (H&E) blue

H&E staining shows mucin blue.

Mucin (thionin, mucicarmine, PAS)

Mucin stains red.

Mucoid

Glycoprotein like mucin; produced by mesodermal tissues (connective tissue).

Umbilical cord mucoid presence (Wharton’s jelly)

Physiological presence of mucoid material in Wharton’s jelly, joints cavities, bursae, tendon sheaths.

Myxoma

Benign tumor.

Myosarcoma

Malignant tumor.

Myxedema

Excessive deposition of water in connective tissue; linked to thyroxine and metabolism.

Hyperthyroidism

Increased catabolic activity; weight loss can occur despite eating.

Hypothyroidism

Hypocatabolic; slow digestion; weight gain tendency.

Mucoid degeneration (H&E)

Stains blue.

Pseudomucin (H&E)

Stains pink.

Cloudy swelling

Parenchymatous or albuminous degeneration.

Antemortem cloud swelling

Prominent swelling of the cell.

Postmortem cloud swelling

Does not occur because the tissue is dead.

Autolysis

Postmortem degeneration; may obscure initial changes.

Apoptotic keratohyalin

Dead physiologically.

Stratum corneum (hydropic degeneration limitation)

Cannot undergo hydropic degeneration because cells are dead.

Stratum germinativum

Hydropic degeneration when irritant is severe.

Sudan Black

Stain for fat.

Carmine fixation of glycogen

Glycogen stains bright red.

Depot fat

Neutral fat stored in adipose tissue; triglycerides provide energy, insulation, cushioning.

Protoplasmic fat (lipids)

Includes sterols, phospholipids, and glycolipids; integral to cell membranes and processes.